ATTR 219 1st Edition Exam 1 Study GuideNervous System-major organs are brain and spinal cord, both encased in major skeletal structures- Brain encased in skull- Spinal cord in vertebral column-brain/spinal cord are continuous as they pass through opening at the base of skull-this opening is called foramen magnum-foramen magnum-large opening at base of skull where spinal cord passes throughNervous System is divided into 2 systems: central (CNS) and peripheral (PNS)-CNS-brain and spinal cord-PNS-nerves, ganglia, cranial nerves and spinal nerves-ganglia-collection of nerve cell bodies outside of brain, spinal cord and CNScranial nerves- connect to brain, bundles of processes from nerve cells or neurons that either innervate muscles, glands or carry impulses from sensory areas – continuous with brain and numbered from anterior to posterior according to their attachment to brain-12 pairs of cranial nerves- most have both sensory and motor componentSensory- feel Motor- motion-cranial nerves provide innervation to head, neck, thorax and abdomen*See cranial nerves handout*Spinal nervesThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.-31 pairs of spinal nerves-emerge laterally from spinal cord-named according to segment of spinal cord that they correspond with- 8 cervical (C1-C8)- 5 social (S1-S5)- 12 thoriac (T1-T12)- 5 lumbar (L1-L5)- 1 coccygeal- tailbone-all spinal nerves have both sensory and motor component-Main portion of nerves join together at plexusPlexus-network/group of nervesCervical plexus- innervates to skin and muscles of neck, shoulder and diaphragm (C1-C4)Brachial plexus- innervates to skin and muscles of upper extremity (C5-T1)Lumbosacral plexus- innervates skin and muscle of lower extremity, abdominal wall, buttocks and genitalia (L1-L5) and (S1-S5)Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Divided into two:Afferent and Efferent Divisions of PNSAfferent (sensory)- transmits pulses from peripheral organs (muscles/glands) to CNS - Afferent = body → CNSEfferent (motor)-transmits impulses from CNS outward to peripheral organs to cause effect/action- Efferent= CNS → body-Efferent division further divides into somatic and autonomic nervous systemSomatic Nervous System- supplies motor impulse to skeletal muscle such as skin, muscle and conscious activity- known as voluntary nervous system because we can controlAutonomic Nervous System- supplies motor impulses to cardia, smooth muscle, intestines and stomach- moderates unconscious activity (known as involuntary nervous system)-autonomic nervous system further divides into sympathetic and parasympathetic systemsSympathetic System- aka “fight or flight” system- helps us meet emergency needsParasympathetic System- resting/repose system, or calming system- helps us conserve energySympathetic- agonist (causes action) – Parasympathetic- antagonist
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