BIOSCI 0815 1st Edition Lecture 4Outline of Last Lecture I. Water and CellsII. Lipidsa. Cell membraneIII. Crossing the MembraneIV. Organelles: Enclosures beside smaller structuresa. Tay-SachsV. ProteinsVI. Carbohydrates and Nucleic Acids: fuel for the cellsa. GlucoseOutline of Current Lecture I. DNAa. Nucleotidesb. MutationsII. Tay-SachsIII. Parts of cellsCurrent Lecture DNA: DNA makes RNA makes proteins.  DNA is a permanent record and RNA is a temporary copy of the record. Nucleotides are monomers in DNA and RNA. Part of a nucleotide is a sugar. In RNA, sugar is changed from DNA and it loses on oxygen. DNA contains the nucleotides ATGC and is double stranded, RNA contains AUGC and is single strand.  C: cytosine, U: Uracil (RNA), T: Thymine (DNA), G: Guanine, A: Adenine.  These nucleotides end up pairing with one another. T  A and G  C  The double stranded DNA are held together by hydrogen bonds. Translation is when the information is taken from the language of DNA and RNA and is translatedto the language of proteins.  If the DNA is mutated, the RNA copy will be incorrect and the protein isn’t made.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. Human Cells Different cells have different functions. Organelle Structure FunctionNucleus Lipid bilayer with proteins. Contains pores so proteins can enter and exit.Protects DNANucleolus Area where ribosome parts. RNA and proteins are assembled. Rough ER Studded with Ribosomes whichmake it appear rough. Several saclike structuresSite of protein synthesis. Packages it into a vesicleSmooth ER No ribosomes, is attached to ER. Makes lipids. Stores calcium. Golgi Complex Organizes and sorts. Determines destination.Adds or modifies sugar attachments to the protein. “tags” then sends the packaged protein into cytoplasm.Ribosomes No membrane. Read RNA and make proteins from the code. Translation.Mitochondria Double Membrane. Have their own DNA.Lysosomes A bag of enzymes Recycles macromolecules to monomers. Peroxisome Similar to lysosomes Breaks down fatty acid chainsVesicles Attaches to the golgi and is absorbed. Transports molecule around and out of the cell.Cytoskeleton Meshwork of fibers through cytoplasmSupports the