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Pitt BIOSC 0815 - Genes and Diseases
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BIOSCI 0815 1st Edition Lecture 3Outline of Last Lecture I. MatterII. Atomsa. ElectronsIII. Bondinga. WaterIV. CellsV. Tay-SachsOutline of Current Lecture II. Water and CellsIII. Lipidsa. Cell membraneIV. Crossing the MembraneV. Organelles: Enclosures beside smaller structuresa. Tay-SachsVI. ProteinsVII. Carbohydrates and Nucleic Acids: fuel for the cellsa. GlucoseVIII.DNACurrent Lecture- Water and cells:o The cell membrane is a hydrophobic layer that surrounds the cell. It is made of oily materials that keep separate from water. This chemical compound is called lipids.- Lipids: These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o Lipids are fat oily substances that make up the cell membrane. They are long chains of hydrogen bonded to carbons (hydrocarbons). Because carbon and hydrogen equally share electrons (they have the same electronegativity), they have no charge and do not react with water.o Carbon: Carbon is used in many important biological compounds. In its natural state it needs to gain four electrons. It forms bonds with hydrogen to gain electrons, resulting in hydrocarbons which are hydrophobic molecules.  Examples of hydrocarbons:- Hydrocarbons are hydrophobic. o Types of cells lipids are Fats and Phospholipids: Fat molecules have a carbon attached to oxygens at one end. The rest of the molecule is carbons and hydrogens. Triglyceride is one type of fat that is found in humans. It is three of the long carbon chains like the one above attached on the end with the oxygen.Name Molecular FormulaStructural FormulaMethane CH4Ethane C2H6Ethene (double bonded carbon)C2H4- Fats are used for fuel. Phospholipids make up the cell membranes. They also have long hydrocarbon chains like fat. On one end they have a phosphate group that has a charge and istherefore hydrophilic. - The term for this is amphipathic. - Phospholipids are depicted like this: - The head (the charged part) face the water. Since there is water around the cell and inside the cell (cells are surrounded and contain water), there is a lipid bilayer where there are two layers of phospholipids.- Organelles:o Organelles are enclosures within the cell that also have membranes.o Typically an organelle in the nerve cell has the job of taking in a lipid molecule to use as fuel. When the person has Tay-Sachs the lipid cannot be broken down so the organelle isoverwhelmed with molecules. - Crossing the membrane:o Somehow cells have to get food, oxygen water, and hormones, chemical products, and waste minerals in and out of the cells.o If the molecule is small ad hydrophobic it can pass right through the membrane.o There are hydrophilic channels that are embedded in the membrane allowing charged particles to pass. These channels are made of proteins.  Proteins are long chains of amino acids.- Amino Acids:o Each amino acids has a central carbon, hydrogen atoms, an amino group (NH3+), a carboxyl group (carbon bonded to oxygens), and an “R” group.o Amino Acids can be polar, nonpolar, or electrically charged. o The r group creates this charge. This causes some Amino Acids to be hydrophobic (uncharged ones) and others to be hydrophilic (polar and charged ones). In human cells, the amino acids are charged and therefore hydrophilic. - Proteins:o Proteins are polymers of amino acids. This means that there are many amino acids connected by a covalent bond between the amino group of one Amino Acid and the carboxyl group of a second. This means there is an amino end and a carboxyl end, called the N terminus and the C terminus. o The r groups stick out from the chain. o One result of the bonding of amino acids is that the protein is both hydrophobic and hydrophilic. So some amino acids want to be in the water environment of the cell, while others want to face away from the water. To solve this problem, the protein folds so that similar amino acids are together. Sometimes bonds form. o Proteins line the channels in the cell membrane. The hydrophobic parts face the cell membrane. The hydrophilic parts face the inside of the channel or the watery environment either inside or outside of the cells.o This channel allows charged particles such as Sodium, Calcium, Iron, and Magnesium to pass into and out of the cell.o Proteins have a lot of other functions beside forming channels in the cell wall: they are enzymes which help chemical reactions occur, they are receptors to receive information, they build structures such as muscles and they can send signals to tell cells what to do. o The information to make proteins are found in the genes. - Carbohydrates and Nucleic Acids:o Cells convert fuel from the environment into a chemical form which they can use. They use carbohydrates as fuel. o Carbohydrates because they contain a good amount of electrons for us to function properly (not too many and not too few). Too much energy generates heat which breaks down proteins. o Carbohydrates are composed of Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Oxygen has high electronegativity and holds on tightly to its electrons while carbon and hydrogen share their electrons equally.o Structure of carbohydrates: Carbons are linked together where every carbon is bonded to an OH group except for one. One is bonded to an O.  General structural formula: (C-H2O)n* Glucose is an important carbohydrate. It follow the formula: C6H12O6 Cells use the electron’s stored energy in glucose to make adenosine triphosphate – ATP- How do cells know what to do?o Cells have nucleic acids DNA and RNA that carry the information for a


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Pitt BIOSC 0815 - Genes and Diseases

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