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UofL PSYC 322 - Intro to Cognitive Psychology
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PSYC 322 1st Edition Lecture 3Chapter 1Outline of Last Lecture I. Cognitive PsychologistsOutline of Current Lecture II. The 1st Cognitive PsychologistsIII.The Rise Of BehaviorismIV.The Decline of BehaviorismV.Studying the mindVI.The Cognitive RevolutionVII.Researching the mindVIII.Cognitive ScienceCurrent LectureI. The 1st Cognitive Psychologistsa. Donders (1868)i. Mental chronometry – measuring how long a cognitive process takesii. Reaction-time (RT) experiment – measures interval between stimulus presentation and person’s response to stimulus.1. Simple RT task: participant pushes a button quickly after light appears2. Choice RT task: participant pushes one button if light is on right side, another if light is on left sideiii. Choice RT – Simple RT = Time to make a decision1. Choice RT = 1/10th sec longer than simple RT2. 1/10th sec to make a decisioniv. Mental responses cannot be measured directly but can be inferred from the participant’s behaviorb. Helmholtz (~1860s)i. Helmholtz studied Unconscious inference. He believed that some of our perceptions are the result of unconscious assumptions we make about the environment, we infer much of what we know about the worldc. Ebbinghaus (1885)i. Read list on nonsense syllables aloud many times to determine number ofrepetitions necessary to repeat list without errorsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.ii. After some time, he relearned the list1. Short intervals = fewer repetitions to relearniii. Learned many different lists at many different retention intervalsiv. Savings= [(initial repetitions)-(relearning repetitions)]/(initial repetitions)v.Forgetting curve shows savings as a function of retention intervald.Wundt (1897)i.First psychological laboratoryii.University of Leipzig, Germanyiii.RT experimentsiv.Wundt’s approach was structuralism: experience is determined by combining elements of experience called sensationsv.His method was Analytic introspection: participants trained to describe experiences and thought processes in response to stimulii.In class example: Write down what is on your mind when you experience this Orange.2.John Watson noted two problems with this. He believed that the results varied extremely from person to person and that theresults difficult to verify because of the invisible inner mental processes that we cannot see.3.John Watson proposed a new approach called Behaviorism. Behaviorism eliminated the mind as a topic of study and instead, they directly studied observable behavior.II.The Rise Of Behaviorisma.Watson (1920) i.Watson conducted an experiment called “Little Albert.” Watson was interested in the classical conditioning of fear. He paired the 9 month old baby with a white rat. When the Little Albert’s attention was focused on the rat, Watson would make a loud bang/crash noise and startle the baby. He continued to do this several times until the baby became fearful of the rat.1.Classical Conditioning: Pair a neutral event with an event that naturally produces some outcome. After many pairings, the “neutral” event now also produces the outcome.ii.Watson concluded that behavior can be analyzed without any reference to the mind. He examined this by pairing one stimulus with another and how it affected behavior1.The principles of learning by pairing, came to be called Classical Conditioning the discovered by Pavlov when he paired ringing bell with the presentation of food. Initially, only presentation of the food caused the dog to salivate, but after a number of pairings of the bell and food, the bell alone caused salivation.b.Skinner (1950s)i.Skinner was interested in determining the relationship between stimuliand response. Skinner found Operant Conditioning. He learned to shape behavior by rewards or punishments. Behavior that is rewarded is more likely to be repeated, as behavior that is punished is less likely to be repeated.III.The Decline of Behaviorisma.Skinner in 1957 argued that children learn language through operant conditioning. He believed that children imitate speech they hear and when correct speech is heard they are rewarded.b.Chomsky (1959)i.Chomsky argued that children do not only learn language through imitation and reinforcement. He believed that children sat things they have never heard and cam not me imitating and that children sat things that are incorrect and have not been rewarded for. He argued that language must be determined by an inborn biological program.c.The Misbehavior of Organisms (1961)i.This attempted to condition animal behavior, and it did not work. Animals’ built-in instinct prevailedd.Tolman (1938) trained rats to find food in a four-armed mazee.Two competing interpretations of this:i.Behaviorism predicts that the rats learned to “turn right to find food”ii.Tolman believed that the rats has created a cognitive map of the maze and were navigating to a specific armIV.Studying the mind to understand complex cognitive behaviors. We want to measure observable behavior, make inferences about underlying cognitive activity, and consider what this behavior days about how the mind worksV.The Cognitive Revolutiona.This was a period of time where there was a shift from behaviorist’s stimulus-response relationships to an approach that attempts to explain behavior in terms of the mind.b.They took an information-processing approach. This is a way to study the mind created from insights associated with the digital computerc.Early computers (1950s) processed information in stagesd.Cherry (1953) i.Dichotic listening: present message A in left ear and present a messageB in the right ear. To ensure attention, shadow one message. Participants were able to focus only on the message they were shadowinge.Broadbent (1958) created a flow diagram representing what happens as a person directs attention to one stimulus. He found that unattended information does not pass through the filter.VI.Researching the minda.Behavior Approach- measures relationship between stimuli and behaviorb.Psychological Approach- measures relationship between physiology and behaviori.BOTH contribute to our understanding of cognitionc.Memory consolidation –i.Memory for recent events is fragile. If processing is disrupted, recent memories can fail to be consolidated. New information can interfere with memory consolidationii.Behavior approach-1.Muller and


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UofL PSYC 322 - Intro to Cognitive Psychology

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