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UT Knoxville FWF 250 - History of Conservation
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FWF 250 1st Edition Lecture 4Outline of Last Lecture I. North America: Pre-1900sA. Era of AbundanceB. Era of ExploitationOutline of Current Lecture I. History of ConservationA. WildlifeB. PeopleCurrent Lecture History of Conservation- Wildlifeo Great egrets were exploited for their feathers, which were used to adorn women’s clothing and hats. Their nests are called rookeries.- The Plume (Feather) Trade occurred during the mid-1800s. It became an expanding market for the fashion industry. Elegant bird feathers were literallyworth their weight in gold. Plume hunters streamed down coastlines in search of rookeries to supply their trade.o Pelican Island in the Indian River in Florida became the first national wildlife refuge. Market hunters were able to find egrets, herons, and spoonbills. Brown pelicans were also found and on the edge of extinction because vandals thought they were a threat to the fisheries. Paul Kroegel scared hunters away from this area in order to save these birds. He was a German immigrant who settled on thewest bank of Indian River Lagoon with his father in 1881. On March 14, 1903, President Theodore Roosevelt signed an executive order establishing Pelican Island as the first federal bird reservation. Kroegel was then paid $1 a month by the Florida Audubon Society to be the first refuge manager.o In 1860, the bison population was at 60 million. In 1889, only 150 bison remained in the wild. These remaining 150 bison were found in the Yellowstone National Park. “Buffalo Bill” Cody sometimes shot 200 bison per day and killed 4,280 in 18 months. Over 1.5 million hides were sold in eastern markets during 1872-1873. However, three to five animals were shot for every one hide that went to the market. Settlers killed as many bison as possible in order to remove the Native Americans from the land. These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is bestused as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o Mountain lions were the most widely distributed animal in North America. These big predators invoked fear in people while also threatening livestock and game.- Predator control began because people assumed that all carnivores threatened the existence of game and domestic animals. Bounties, which firstbegan in the 1600s, were authorized for predator removal. The Michigan Bounty System had a bounty for wolves and coyotes. For example, these bounties paid $15 per male and $20 per female. However, no reduction in thepopulation was noticeable. Bounties were susceptible to fraud. People wouldn’t kill females and would let them reproduce so they would have income. Michigan removed this bounty in 1980.- Peopleo W.C. Lowdermilk said, “The land does not lie; it bears a record of what man writeon it.”o William Bartram- He was America’s first native born naturalist/artist and first conservation professional in the United States. He was also the first author who portrayed nature through personal experience as well as scientific observation. In 1791, he wrote Bartram’s Travels.o Alexander Wilson (1766-1818)- He was from Scotland and the first American ornithologist. He lived down thestreet from Bartram, who was a mentor and opened his libraries to Wilson. He published a book illustrating all North American birds, nine volumes from 1808 to 1814; however, he died while writing the ninth volume. He was regarded as the greatest American ornithologist prior to Audubon.o John James Audubon (1785-1851)- He was married to Lucy Blackwell, who taught George Bird Grinnell. Wilson impacted Audubon to write his own book on birds, where he painted life-like bird stances. He conducted the first known bird-branding experiment in North America. He tied strings around the legs of Eastern Pheobes, and he learned that birds returned to the very same nesting sites each year.o George Bird Grinnell (1849-1938)- He was aptly names and developed an early and abiding love for birds. He attended school in Audubon’s mansion in NY, which was near the Grinnell These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.family home. Grinnell studied at Yale with a desire to be a naturalist. He was also well known for his ability to get along with Indian elders and served as their advocate. He was the found of the Audubon society and was an advisor to Theodore Roosevelt.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a


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UT Knoxville FWF 250 - History of Conservation

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