PSYC 412 1st Edition Lecture 3Health Psychology Notes - Health Behaviors: behaviors undertaken by people to enhance or maintain their healtho Role of behavioral factors in disease and disorder: successful modification of health behaviors can: reduce deaths due to lifestyle related illnesses delay time of death, increasing longevity expand years of life free from chronic disease complications o health habits: firmly established behaviors that are often performed automatically such as wearing a seatbelt, brushing one’s teeth and eating a healthy diet primary prevention – instilling good health habits and changing poor oneso Barriers to modifying poor health behaviors: not knowing when to intervene to change health habits instability of health habits health behaviors are elicited and maintained by different factors for different peopleo Intervening with children and adolescents: socialization:the influence of parents as role models using the “Teachable Moment”:window of vulnerability adolescent health behaviors influence adult health:precautions taken in adolescence may affect diseaserisk after age 45 more than adult health behaviorso Interventions with at-risk people: children and adolescents are vulnerable o Benefits of focusing on at-risk people: may prevent or eliminate poor health habits an efficient and effective use of health promotion dollars makes it easier to identify other risk factorso Problems with focusing on risk: people do not always perceive their risk correctly testing positive for a risk factor causes worry and restrictive behavioro Ethical issues: when is it appropriate to alarm at-risk people? some may react defensively sometimes there is no successful intervention emphasizing risks can raise complicated issues of family dynamicso Health promotion and the elderly: focus is on:These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- maintaining a healthy, balanced diet- developing a regular exercise regimen- taking steps to reduce accidents- controlling alcohol consumption- eliminating smoking- reducing the inappropriate use of prescription drugs- vaccinating against influenza- Changing Health Habitso Educational appeals: vivid communications expert communicator strong arguments at beginning and end short, clear, direct messages messages should state conclusions explicitly caution with extreme messages depending on the audience, communication should include favorable and/or non-favorable pointso fear appeals: message framing - Health Belief Model:o whether a person practices a health behavior depends on: perception of health threat perception of threat reduction support for the Health Belief Model using the Health Belief Model to change behavior- Theory of Planned Behavior:o a health behavior is the direct result of a behavioral intentiono Caveats to changing health behavior: attitudinal approaches not very successful forexplaining spontaneous or long-term behaviorchange communications can provoke irrational, defensive reactions some people hold irrational beliefs about health thinking about disease may produce a negative mood attitude change may not alter behavior and maintain behavior change- Cognitive-Behavioral Approaches to Health Behavior Changeo The self-control of behavior: self-reinforcement contingency contracting cognitive restructuring behavioral assignments skills training motivational interviewing relaxation trainingo Broad-spectrum cognitive-behavior therapy: complementary methods are used to modify a target problem and its contexto Relapse: why do people relapse? consequences of relapse relapse prevention lifestyle rebalancing- Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Changeo Stages of change: precontemplation contemplation preparation action maintenanceo Importance of the stages of change model: when individuals are ready to change their behavior, programs look more successfulo Using the stage model of change: particular interventions may be more valuable during one stage than another- Changing Health Behaviors Through Social Engineeringo Modifying the environment in ways that affect people’s ability to practice a particular health behavior banning certain drugs such as heroin and cocaine requiring vaccinations for school entry using safety containers for medications lowering speed limits raising the drinking age- Venues for Health Habit Modificationo private therapist’s officeo health practitioner’s officeo familyo managed care facilitieso self-help groupso schoolso work-site interventionso community-based interventionso mass mediao
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