I. Terrestrial PlanetsII. AsteroidsIII. CometsIV. Meteors and MeteoritesV. The Shoemaker-Levy ImpactVI. How We Study the UniverseI. Light and TimeII. Ripple Tank EffectIII. EM Property of LightIV. EM Waves in AstronomyV. SunlightI. Light and Timea. The speed of light: 300,000 km/second (3E8 m/s)b. Andromeda galaxy is the nearest galaxy to usc. We see galaxies that are billions of light years away, so the light we see from them left billions of years agoi. Each little slight of the universe is giving you a different snapshot in timeii. You can trace the evolution of the universe because light takes TIME to travel, and we can capture the light and study itII. Ripple Tank Effecta. Light behaves like a wave!b. Illusion: drop pebble in water, waves emanate from inside out.c. Property of waves is interferenceof waves, where you see bright dots and dark dotsd. Waves essentially are emanating from pointsi. Crests are the brighter regions and troughs are the darker regions and when they interfere, you will see brighter points and darker pointsii. Bright and dark bands are unique to waves when they interfere or “run into” each other, which we saw in water in the ripple tank effecte. Light has short wavelength, so it’s difficult to see it. You want to capture light using equipment to capture light waves that interfere with each otheri. Coinciding crests = brighter (constructive interference)ii. Coinciding troughs = darker (constructive interference)iii. Out of phase – when crest coincides with trough, they cancel out (destructive interference)III. EM Property of Lighta. Electric force: positive/negative interactionsb. Electric field causes these interactions: field depicted using lines (or vectorsi. Like charges repel, vectors pull away from each otherii. Opposite charges attract, vectors pull towards each otherc. Magnetic fieldi. The magnet of the Earth behaves likewise. Lines go from North to South1. Poles of opposite charges attract2. Any magnet has an influence around it with a distinct clover like shapea. Induced wave that radiates from the chargeout3. Static electric field: charges are not movinga. If charge is “wiggled,” a wave is formed.4. If you wiggle a charge (moving charges) you will have an electric wave that comes from it. But there is additional description: changing electron field creates a magnetic field, and a changing magnetic field creates an electric fielda. Electric fields and magnetic fields are linked. The effects of these changes are observed in terms of magnets: If you have a current it generates a magnetic field, and if you have a magnetic field, it will generate a currentd. Wave goes up and down; field goes in and outi. They are perpendicular to each other, and together they travel in one direction of wave motionii. The disturbance moves, and it’s a disturbance in the fieldIV. EM Waves in Astronomya. Anything that is hot has molecules in it that move, the faster they move the hotter it is (kinetic energy)b. Waves travel through space, they move, and when they move they emit energyV. Sunlighta. The entire range of visible light is called a spectrumb. The types of light:i. Gamma,X rays, UV, visible, IR, micro, radioc. Wavelength and frequency are inversely relatedd. C is constant, and is always the speed of lightASTRON 89 1st Edition Lecture 8Outline of Last Lecture I. Terrestrial Planets II. Asteroids III. Comets IV. Meteors and MeteoritesV. The Shoemaker-Levy Impact VI. How We Study the Universe Outline of Current Lecture I. Light and Time II. Ripple Tank Effect III. EM Property of Light IV. EM Waves in Astronomy V. Sunlight Current LectureI. Light and Time a. The speed of light: 300,000 km/second (3E8 m/s)b. Andromeda galaxy is the nearest galaxy to usc. We see galaxies that are billions of light years away, so the light we see from them left billions of years agoi. Each little slight of the universe is giving you a different snapshot in timeii. You can trace the evolution of the universe because light takes TIME to travel, and we can capture the light and study itII. Ripple Tank Effect These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.a. Light behaves like a wave!b. Illusion: drop pebble in water, waves emanate from inside out.c. Property of waves is interferenceof waves, where you see bright dots and dark dotsd. Waves essentially are emanating from pointsi. Crests are the brighter regions and troughs are the darker regions and when they interfere, you will see brighter points and darker pointsii. Bright and dark bands are unique to waves when they interfere or “run into” each other, which we saw in water in the ripple tank effecte. Light has short wavelength, so it’s difficult to see it. You want to capture light using equipment to capture light waves that interfere with each otheri. Coinciding crests = brighter (constructive interference)ii. Coinciding troughs = darker (constructive interference)iii. Out of phase – when crest coincides with trough, they cancel out (destructive interference)III. EM Property of Light a. Electric force: positive/negative interactionsb. Electric field causes these interactions: field depicted using lines (or vectorsi. Like charges repel, vectors pull away from each otherii. Opposite charges attract, vectors pull towards each otherc. Magnetic fieldi. The magnet of the Earth behaves likewise. Lines go from North to South 1. Poles of opposite charges attract2. Any magnet has an influence around it with a distinct clover like shapea. Induced wave that radiates from the chargeout3. Static electric field: charges are not moving a. If charge is “wiggled,” a wave is formed.4. If you wiggle a charge (moving charges) you will have an electric wave that comes from it. But there is additional description: changing electron field creates a magnetic field, and a changing magnetic field creates an electric fielda. Electric fields and magnetic fields are linked. The effects of these changes are observed in terms of magnets: If you have a current it generates a magnetic field, and if you have a magnetic field, it will generate a currentd. Wave goes up and down; field goes in and out i. They are perpendicular to each other, and together they travel in one direction of wave motionii. The disturbance moves, and it’s a disturbance in the fieldIV. EM Waves in Astronomy a. Anything that is