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ECU PSYC 3312 - Exam 1 Study Guide
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PSYCH 3320 1st Edition Exam # 1 Study Guide Chapters 1-2Chapter 1Why do we study sensation and perception? Give some examples of how sensation and perception is useful in today’s society. -So that we are familiar with our own experiences. -Applicable to medicinal studies. Creating medicine/devices to help people with lost vision or hearing. Understanding how they perceive the world around them without the use of their senses. What are the differences between perception and recognition? - Perception is when you’re consciously aware of an object in your line of sight, andrecognition is placing the object in a category due to its familiarity. What is the difference between top-down processing and bottom-up processing? -Bottom-up processing is when you process information or stimuli that reaches the receptors. An example is doing something on impulse; you don’t think about it, you just do it. -Top-down processing is when you process something based on prior knowledge. An example would be if a friend offered you a piece of pie. Your brain recognizes that you like pie, so you start to think and wonder what kind it might be, leading to sorting through different emotions, and eventually a decision to accept or reject the pie. What are the 2 major approaches to studying perception? - Psychophysical approach & physiological approach. - Psychophysical approach=measures relationship btwn the stimuli and the behavioral response.- Physiological approach=measure the relationship btwn the two relationships (the relationship btwn the stimuli & the physiological responses.) - Ex. Of psychophysical approach=looking at fine lines on a piece of paper & howyou interpret the lines. - Ex of physiological approach=looking at a picture, intending to find one thing, but instead finding another. I.e. the man/rat example from the textbook. How do cognitive processes influence perception? - They measure how things like memories & expectations can affect the relationships btwn perception, stimuli, & physiology. What is the difference between absolute threshold and difference threshold?- Absolute threshold=when only the minimum intensity of a stimulus can be detected.- Difference threshold=when there must be a minimum difference btwn 2 stimulithat must exist in order to tell the difference btwn them. Why is Fecher important? - Wrote Elements in Psychophysics. Proposed 3 main methods for measuring thresholds (TH) & fell into his classical psychophysical methods. Include o Method of limitso Method of adjustmento Method of constant stimuli *Be sure you know how to describe each method & determine how TH is found for each! *Method of constant stimuli=most accurate b/c it has many situations and diff. stimuli in random order. Disadvantage=time consuming.*Method of adjustment=faster b/c observers get to adjust intensity levels themselvesWhat is Weber’s Law? Provide the formula & give an example of when Weber fractions would be used. -Weber’s Law=Weber fraction remains constant/the same as the standard is changed. The formula is DL/S=K. Similar to the just noticeable difference (JND). -Ex. Include measuring people for hearing aids or eyeglasses when they start to gradually lose hearing or vision. Because most changes occur gradually/over time & not all at once, the change is subtle & “just noticeable.” What is Stevens’ Power Law? -Stevens’ Power Law=function. P=KS”. P=perceived magnitude & =the constant, K, times the stimulus identity (S) raised to the nth power. What is the phenomenological method? -Phenomenological method=when a person is asked to describe what they’re feeling/thinking to let the experimenter know when a certain perception or experience occurs during an experiment. What is a visual search task? -Visual search task=when a person must find one particular stimulus in a field of many. Ex. Includes looking for a friend or family member in a crowded airport. Certain things like identifiable clothing like a hat or certain color coatmight make it easier, but other times it can be difficult. If they are dressed neutrally & there are many people about, your brain still has to be able to recognize the familiar face in a sea of strangers.What is the Signal Detection Theory & how is an experiment run? -Signal Detection Theory=the ability or likelihood to detect a stimulus is affected by the intensity of the stimulus. Ex. If you are walking to your car alone at night and it’s parked in an empty lot, you might be more aware of the noises around you because the situation feels somewhat threatening. You’re more in tune to listen for noises that sound out of place, so you might pick up on noises you wouldn’t normally hear or be listening for. -How they are run: 1 stimulus intensity is presented in some trials, and no stimulus is presented on other trials. If 200 trials are given, with the tone being presented for the first 100 trials, and no tone presented for the second 100 trials, and finally by mixing the no-tone/tone trials at random, the resultsare more likely to have a better accuracy.Chapter 2 *Be sure you know these terms and how to label them on an eye diagram without the help of a word bank! - pupil, sclera, iris, cornea, lens, ciliary muscle, retina, fovea, macula, optic nerve, vitreous humor, aqueous humor How do the cornea and lens focus an image on the retina? -The cornea is responsible for 80% of the focusing power of the eye. The lens givesthe remaining 20% & is able to change its shape to adjust the focus of the eye forthings at different ranges of distances. What is presbyopia & what are treatments for it? -Presbyopia=the eye’s inability to accommodate for the eye’s lens hardening & thecililary muscles getting weaker. Often happens as people age & get older. A few solutions to presbyopia are hold reading material further away from the face, and wearing corrective lenses What is myopia & what are treatments for it? -Myopia= when someone can’t see objects far away clearly. Myopia is common inyoung people and is caused by either refractive myopia (when the cornea &/or lens bends light too much) or axial myopia (when the eye is too long). One solution for this problem is moving the object closer, or if the object is immobile, to move physically closer to it. The most obvious and most used solution is to wear glasses or contacts with corrective lenses. What is hyperopia & what are treatments for it? -Hyperopia( farsightedness) is when a person can’t see nearby


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ECU PSYC 3312 - Exam 1 Study Guide

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