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UNCG KIN 292 - What is Physiology/ Organization of the Human Body

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KIN 292 1st Edition Lecture 1Outline of Current Lecture II. What is Physiology and1.1 Organization of the Human Body Part ICurrent LectureUnderstanding Physiology:Physiology is the study of the functions of organisms. Here we will study the science of HOW the human body worksWe need to know normal function as a base in order to understand:1.) Clinical and pathological issues 2.) Why exercise can be a physiological challenge and how it might be able to reverse or preventclinical problems.Physiology:- Complex concepts can be simplified - Body functions are integrated- Physiology is a work-in-progress – your body isn’t changing, but our knowledge of how the body works in health and disease is improving everyday- Your body is a masterpiece and physiology helps us to know whyFour Levels of organization of the body:- Cell – the smallest living units capable of carrying out life processes (cardiac muscle cell)- Tissue – A collection of cells performing a similar function (left ventricle muscle tissue of the heart)- Organ – two or more different tissue groups working together to perform a function (heart)- Organ system – collection of organs working together (cardiovascular system)Cells- The body has more than 200 different cell typesThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Cells can be classified into only four groups:o Neurons (nerve cells) – transmit information in the form of electrical signalso Muscle cells – contract to generate mechanical forceo Epithelial cells – from barriers between compartments and controls what may (ormay not) cross the barriero Connective tissue cells – everything else; the most diverse cell classificationTissue- Based primarily on cell function- Correspond to four major cell types:o Nerve tissueo Muscle tissueo Epithelium (epithelial tissue)o Connective tissue- the most diverse tissue - Neurons and Nerve Tissue:o Transmit signals for communicationo Have branches to receive or transmit messages Receive information from receptors Transmit information to muscles and other organso Some neurons process information- Muscle Cells:o Specialized to contracto Voluntary or involuntaryo Examples: Flexing of an arm Pumping of blood Mixing of food in the stomach- Epithelium Cells/ Epithelium o Epithelium: sheet-like layer of cellso Lines external body surfaceso Lines hollow organs or vessels Interior = lumeno Functions as a barrier and a transport membraneo Glands  Formed from epithelium Manufacture a producto Major classes of glands Exocrine glands - Examples: Sweat, salivary- Have ducts Endocrine glands - Examples: Pituitary, adrenal- No ducts- Hormone released into blood- Connective Tissue o Most diverse of the four tissueso Characterized by an extracellular matrixo Anchors and links structures of the bodyo Examples: Bone, tendons, fat, bloodOrgans and Organ Systems - Organs: Composed of at least two tissue types performing specific functions- Organ system: Collection of organs performing a particular taskBody Functions are integrated:- Parts of the body work together- Proper functioning of one part depends on the function of a different part or parts- Examples: o Muscle requires oxygen provided by erythrocytes in blood that are manufacturedin bone marrowo Erythrocyte synthesis requires erythropoietin, which is secreted by the kidneyso Oxygen is extracted from air breathed in by the lungso Lung expansion is controlled by the nervous systemo Blood is pumped by the


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UNCG KIN 292 - What is Physiology/ Organization of the Human Body

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