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ISU BSC 101 - Natural Selection and the Scientific Method

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BSC 101 1st Edition Lecture 2 Outline of Last Lecture I. Section 1.1: Aspects of Biology Applied to the Blue Whalea. Body Structureb. Reproductionc. EcologyII. Section 1.2a: Levels of Organization and ScaleIII. Section 1.2b: How Organisms Acquire EnergyIV. Section 1.2c: DNAV. Section 1.2d: Growth and ReproductionVI. Section 1.2e: Sensing and Responding to ChangeVII. Section 1.2f: Adaption and Evolution over timeOutline of Current Lecture I. Section 1.3a: Atoms, Molecules, and Macromolecules in DepthII. Section 1.3b: Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic CellsIII. Section 1.3c: Tissues, Organs, and Organ SystemsIV. Section 1.4: Natural SelectionV. Section 1.5: The Process of Scientific InvestigationCurrent LectureSection 1.3a: Atoms, Molecules, and Macromolecules in DepthAtomso All living things are composed of chemical elements.o Elements: substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances.o The atoms that make up each element have a unique chemical identity based on the number and the arrangements of subatomic particles. Protons  positively charged particles Electrons  negatively charged particles Neutrons  do not carry a chargeo Ions are atoms with a charge imbalance (more protons than there are electrons or more electrons than there are protons)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Moleculeso Two or more atoms interacting or bonding together.o There are three types of bonds… Covalent bonds  strong bonds where atoms share two electrons Ionic bonds  weak bonds bonded together by opposite charges (one positive charge and one negative charge) Hydrogen bonds  form when there is sharing of unequal electrons in covalent bondsMacromoleculeso Large, complex molecules. Carbohydrates (glycogen) Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA) Proteins (enzymes) Lipids or ”Fats”o Organic molecules: molecules with carbon and hydrogen molecules as the back bone. (Inorganic molecules don’t use carbon)o Enzyme: a protein that speeds up chemical reactions in living things.Section 1.3b: Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic CellsKey Terms:Microbes: (microorganisms) single celled organisms. Example; bacteria.Multicellular: organisms made up of many cells that work together.There are two basic groups of cells…o Eukaryotic Cells Larger More complex Consist of highly specialized compartments called organelles (example; Golgi bodies, mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum) Its organelles are membrane bound There are four groups of eukaryotes = animals, plants, fungi, and protists Have a nucleus, ribosomes, DNA… Nucleus: a large structure in eukaryotic cells that houses the majority of its DNA.o Prokaryotic Cells Smaller Simpler Ancestral No membrane bound organelles Lack a nucleus Have ribosomes, cytoplasm, DNA… Cytoplasm: where prokaryotic cells house their DNA.Section 1.3c: Tissues, Organs, and Organ SystemsTissues: groups of cells that perform a specialized function such as movement, protection, or reproduction.Organs: a group of two or more tissues that work together to perform a specific function.Organ system: a group of several different organs that work together to perform a specific function.Section 1.4: Natural SelectionDescent with modification: descendants of an ancestor with modifications that better suit its environmentNatural Selection: one mechanism of evolution that is the differential survival and reproduction among individuals of a population.o Evolution occurs by natural selection over time.o Natural selection leads to a differential rate of production. If you don’t get eaten, you can have more babies.o Evolution is marked by common descent. All organisms share some ancient common ancestor.o Natural selection creates and explains biological diversity (or biodiversity) andvariations of life.o Natural selection occurs at differential rates in certain organisms based on their rate of reproduction. Example; evolution occurs more quickly in bacteria because they reproduce so quickly.o Charles Darwin coined the term Natural Selection in his book “On the Origin of the Species by Means of Natural Selection”. Section 1.5: The Process of Scientific InvestigationScientific Method: the process that allows us to analyze data accuratelyo Puts aside bias.o Experiments are measured in attainable and reproducible ways so data can be analyzed completely and accordingly without bias.o Hypothesis: a plausible explanation for the predictions being made. (an educated guess) Hypothesis has to be testable and falsifiable. o Manipulate variables to test your hypothesis (experimental) It is important to only change one variable at a time so you know completely which variable is causing the outcome.o Non experimental hypotheses are made when it is impossible to experiment, possibly because the experiment is unethical.o Opinions: based on subjective experience, not science.o Predictions: expected outcomes and observations based on your hypothesis.o Theory: a broad explanation based on lots of evidence. Usually has little to no evidence refuting it, and is the most certain explanation of observations in the scientific world.o Law: mathematical formulas applied to a theory. (Example; the theory of gravity has an official mathematical formula to calculate it, therefore it is a


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ISU BSC 101 - Natural Selection and the Scientific Method

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