Sensory Transduction when a stimulus (sound, odorant) is converted into a change in the membrane potential to travel through the nervous systemDifferent for every sense (smell, taste)Veromonasal sensory system for detecting molecules, every vertebrate has atleast 2 systems (smell and taste), but this is a third system (humans don’t have, but most other mammals, amphibians and reptiles do)Gives a much better ability to detect molecules (400+ more that we cant detect)Binds to molecules for communication (scent markings) within a speciesUsed to detect pheromonesOlfactory v VeromonasalVeromonasal can detect molecules that don’t dissolve well into the airGraphs:Look at worksheet from classDepolarizationReceptor AdaptationThermoreceptors in swimming pool, cold fire at firstOlfactory Sensory Neurons, contributes to odor habituation, once the odor remains at a constant level you won’t perceive it over timeThe amount of taste neurons go down after eating something sweetNon-adapting: constantly firing whole time (constant lines)Rapidly-Adapting: after a period, it will stop firing as muchMultiple Odorants, Single ScentsFish can give off 30 odorants but you smell a certain scentThe odorants will bind to certain receptors and start firingHyperpolarization & inhibitorydoesn’t let neuron fire b/c it has to reach membrane potentialDepolarized & ExcitatoryMakes more positivePictures/Functions ofTaste buds, olfactory epithelium, thermoreceptorEx.) Olfactory sensory neuron (finger-like structures dangle, reaches up to brain)When skin is normal temp, your warm and cold thermoreceptors are balancing each other outPit Viper Snakes  special system to give them advance ability to detect temperaturesThermal images useful to find warm-blooded preyContain thermoreceptorsPit organs allow them to do thisDog Olfactory System  how olfactory system is different between dogs and humans3 main superior abilitiestransporting moremore olfactory sensory neurons (gives greater sensitivity)detect so many more molecules by 2 ways:more types of OSN (they have probably 800-100, compared to humans 400)vermoneral organsReadings“Search for Sweet”artificial sweetnersaspartame, not proven to cause cancer, but does in ratsdiscovered randomlyChapter 3: Neurons and Synapses4 lobes of brain with different functions (POFT)parietalfrontaloccipitaltemporalParts of the brainBrainstem connects brain to spinal chordSpinal chord  critical functions for lifeHypothalamus  releases hormonesHippocampus memoryCocaineCocaine binds to molecules that transport dopamine back out of the synaptic cleftâTransport system doesn’t workâDopamine builds up within synapsesâDopamine-receiving neurons in the pleasure circuit are stimulated to fire again & againBiology Review Exam 1 02/13/2014Sensory Transduction when a stimulus (sound, odorant) is converted into a change in the membrane potential to travel through the nervous system-Different for every sense (smell, taste)Veromonasal sensory system for detecting molecules, every vertebrate has atleast 2 systems (smell and taste), but this is a third system (humans don’t have, but most other mammals, amphibians and reptiles do)-Gives a much better ability to detect molecules (400+ more that wecant detect)-Binds to molecules for communication (scent markings) within a species-Used to detect pheromones-Olfactory v Veromonasal oVeromonasal can detect molecules that don’t dissolve well into the airGraphs:-Look at worksheet from class-Depolarization-Receptor AdaptationoThermoreceptors in swimming pool, cold fire at firstoOlfactory Sensory Neurons, contributes to odor habituation, once the odor remains at a constant level you won’t perceive it over timeoThe amount of taste neurons go down after eating something sweetNon-adapting: constantly firing whole time (constant lines)Rapidly-Adapting: after a period, it will stop firing as muchMultiple Odorants, Single Scents-Fish can give off 30 odorants but you smell a certain scent-The odorants will bind to certain receptors and start firingHyperpolarization & inhibitory -doesn’t let neuron fire b/c it has to reach membrane potentialDepolarized & Excitatory-Makes more positivePictures/Functions of-Taste buds, olfactory epithelium, thermoreceptoroEx.) Olfactory sensory neuron (finger-like structures dangle, reaches up to brain)When skin is normal temp, your warm and cold thermoreceptors are balancing each other out Pit Viper Snakes  special system to give them advance ability to detect temperatures-Thermal images useful to find warm-blooded prey-Contain thermoreceptors-Pit organs allow them to do thisDog Olfactory System  how olfactory system is different between dogs and humans-3 main superior abilitiesotransporting moreomore olfactory sensory neurons (gives greater sensitivity)odetect so many more molecules by 2 ways:more types of OSN (they have probably 800-100, compared to humans 400)vermoneral organs Readings-“Search for Sweet”oartificial sweetnersaspartame, not proven to cause cancer, but does in ratsdiscovered randomly-Chapter 3: Neurons and Synapseso4 lobes of brain with different functions (POFT)parietalfrontaloccipitaltemporaloParts of the brainBrainstem connects brain to spinal chordSpinal chord  critical functions for lifeHypothalamus  releases hormonesHippocampus memoryCocaineCocaine binds to molecules that transport dopamine back out of the synaptic cleft oâ Transport system doesn’t workâDopamine builds up within synapses â Dopamine-receiving neurons in the pleasure circuit are stimulated to fire again & again -Exam 2 Review