PHIL 200 1st Edition Lecture 3Outline of Last Lecture I. Intro to Logic and ArgumentsOutline of Current Lecture II. Invalid ArgumentA. Definition of invalid argumentB. Example of invalid argumentIII.Strong Argument vs. Weak ArgumentA.Definition of strong and weak argumentB.Examples and how to determine the differenceIV. Sound Argument vs. Cogent ArgumentA. Definition of sound and cogent argumentB. Determining a sound argument from a cogent argumentCurrent Lecture-A LITTLE BIT OF LOGIC-II: Invalid ArgumentInvalid Argument: An invalid argument is a deductive argument where it’spossible for the conclusion to be false even if the premises are true (your reasoning is NOT good)Ex.) P1: If it rains, then the game is cancelled P2: It does not rain Conclusion: The game is not cancelled(This example could offer other conclusions. The game could be cancelled for numerous other reasons such as a team forfeiting therefore cancelling the game)Ex.) P1: All dogs are animals P2: All cats are animals Conclusion: All dogs are cats(In this example, even though the premises are true, the conclusion can not be true)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.III: Strong Argument vs. Weak ArgumentStrong Argument: inductive argument where it is improbable that conclusion is false if the premises are true (your reasoning is good) –follows probably true theory-Ex.) P1: A random sample of fifty famous rappers revealed that they all were from Greece Conclusion: So probably all famous rappers are from Greece(Fifty is a lot of rappers. And if all of them are from Greece (100% of the people you sampled) therefore you can assume all famous rappers are probably from Greece)Weak Argument:A weak argument is an inductive argument where the conclusion is probably false even though the premises are true (Your reasoning is bad)Ex.) P1: The first 44 American Presidents were male Conclusion: The next President will be female(The premise does not support the argument well enough for someone to believe the conclusionis true)IV: Sound Argument vs. Cogent ArgumentSound Argument:A deductive argument that is (a) valid and (b) has all true premises is called a sound argument (has true reasoning and a true conclusion) Ex.) P1: All wines are beverages P2: Chardonnay is a wine Conclusion: Chardonnay is a beverage(All the Premises are true and therefore the conclusion is true)Cogent Argument:An argument that is (a) strong and (b) has all true premises is called a cogent argumentEx.) P1: The last 12 or so Presidents have been television debaters Conclusion: So probably the next one will be
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