1 Cacao and many other understory trees produce flowers from cushions on the trunk instead of on the tips of branches. These trees do this to: A) Support more and larger fruits. B) Shade the fruits from sunburn. C) Protect the fruits from rain and hail damage. D) Make the fruits more accessible to large, vertebrate fruit feeders. E) Make the fruit easier to harvest. 2 Why do cacao trees produce more cacao pods when they are grown as an understory tree? A) The cacao tree is poisoned by direct sunlight. B) They are exclusively pollinated by a small fly (midge) that thrives in the conditions produced in the understory ecosystem. C) The cacao tree has been grafted by humans to be adapted exclusively to the understory ecosystem. D) The understory provides protection from damaging snow produced in the cacao trees native habitat. E) The cacao pods need moisture that falls from the canopy trees in order for pollination to occur. 3 Although there is no archeological evidence, language evidence suggests that the ______ civilization may have been the first to domesticate the cacao. A) Mayan B) Aztec C) Sumerian D) Ancient Roman E) Olmec 4 What are the five steps of chocolate production from raw cacao seeds (in order)? A) Harvest, Fermentation, Drying, Roasting, Winnowing (removal of the outer shell) B) Harvest, Winnowing (removal of the outershell), Fermentation, Roasting, brewing C) Harvest, Drying, Distribution, Fermentation, Planting D) Fermentation, Winnowing (removal of the outer shell), Harvest, Drying, Roasting E) none of the above 5 The first documented European encounter with cacao took place when Christopher Columbus, on his fourth and final voyage, came across a great Maya trading canoe with cacao beans among its cargo. He noted that they were using the beans (which he referred to as almonds) as: A) food B) an aphrodisiac C) a cure for dropsy D) currency E) a lure to attract females 6 Phenethylamines have been discredited as a source of chocolate addiction because: A) Phenethylamines are broken down within chocolate nibs during the roasting period B) recent studies have shown that phenethylamines do not cause any type of reaction in the human brain C) recent studies have shown that phenethylamines were bred out of chocolate in the 1800’s D) phenethylamines are rapidly metabolizedby an enzyme (MAO-B) and only minimal quantities make it to the brain E) None of the above correctly describes why phenethylamines have been discredited as a source of chocolate addiction. 7 Who coined the term “cacao”? A) the Olmec B) the Mayan C) the Aztecs D) the Spaniards E) the Germans8 Which of the following types of tea is produced from new growth buds and is not oxidized (fermented)? A) Oolong tea B) Black tea C) White tea D) Green tea E) Yellow tea 9 Current genetic research indicates that the tea tree has __________ center(s) of origin. A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 5 E) at least 5, probably more 10 Tea type (i.e. green, oolong, black) is primarily dependent on: A) The variety of tea grown B) The time of year the tea is harvested C) How it is labeled by the manufacturer D) How much caffeine is in the tea E) How the tea is processed after harvesting 11 Green tea contains which of these secondary plant compounds that may be beneficial for human health? A) Catechins B) Saponins C) Capsaicin D) Digoxin E) Both A and B are correct 12 Which of the following types of tea is produced from new growth buds and is not oxidized (fermented)? A) White tea B) Black tea C) Oolong tea D) Green tea E) Yellow tea 13 What kind of tea was used in the tea ceremony presented in recitation? A) green matcha B) black matcha C) green loose leaf D) oolong E) gun powder 14 Which of the following correctly describes the style of tea ceremony that was presented in recitation? A) Chinese B) Korean C) Indian D) Japanese E) Peruvian 15 Approximately how any pounds of sugar (sucrose, glucose, HFCS) are consumed per person per year in the US? A) 20 lbs. B) 60 lbs. C) 100 lbs. D) 150 lbs. E) 200 lbs.16 Which of the following sugars is the basic form of energy used by both plant and animal cells? A) Glucose. B) Fructose. C) Sucrose. D) Maltose. E) Lactose. 17 Which European explorer brought sugarcane production to the Caribbean? A) Hernan Cortez. B) Francisco Pizzaro. C) Christopher Columbus. D) Amerigo Vespucci. E) Leif Erikson. 18 The sucrose found in sugarcane mainly accumulates in the plants: A) nodes. B) internodes. C) tubers. D) corms. E) roots. 19 Unlike most plants, sugarcane and sugar beet store large amounts of sugars in the form of: A) Secondary plant compounds B) Starch C) Sucrose D) Pollen E) Glucose. 20 Most plants store energy in the form of: A) secondary plant compounds B) starch C) sucrose D) pollen E) glucose 21 __________ is the sweetest sugar compound and __________ is the least sweet. A) glucose, lactose B) lactose, fructose C) fructose, glucose D) fructose, lactose E) glucose, fructose 22 Which of the following people described the use and attributes of many botanical and chemical therapies, described theuse of surgery to treat disease, and wrote extensively on the subject of medicine. A) Hippocrates B) Dioscorides C) Darwin D) Freud E) Paracelcus 23 Derived from the _______ plant, salicylic acid was originally used ______. A) Willow; as an analgesic to reduce fever and pain. B) Cinchona; as a muscle relaxant. C) Poppy; Aphrodisiac. D) Yew; as a mind expanding religious sacrament. E) Poppy; cough suppressant.24 Madagascar periwinkle was used traditionally as a cure for diabetes. Scientists later found 2 compounds that can be used for which of the following diseases? A) Leukemia B) AIDS C) Malaria D) Hepatitis E) Tularemia 25 The “enola bean” is: A) A hallucinogenic bean, sometimes used in the preparation of ayahuasca. B) An edible bean, controversial because its creator was accused of biopiracy. C) A promising new source for biofuel. D) The traditional European source for bifenthrin, which is an effective treatment for pleursy. E) None of the above. 26 Which of the following statements correctly describes how Woolly bear caterpillars change their feeding habits when they have been parasitized? A) The caterpillars switch from eating their regular food to eating plants that will help their stomachs feel better B) The caterpillars switch from their regular food to eating plants with poisons that will kill or inhibit the development of the internal parasite C) The caterpillars switch from their regular food to