History – scientific progress, opening & closing of drug markets, contingencies & unpredictable eventsSocial structure – laws & the criminal justice system, politics (state, national, & global), race, ethnicity, gender, & classThe group & the individual – human agency & rationality, becoming a drug dealer or userThe body – brain chemistry: dopamine & serotonin, addiction, tolerance, & withdrawalEXAM 3 NOTESDRUGS AND SOCIETYDrugs in social context Historyo LSD, MDMA, andhistorical contingency Albert Hoffman,CIA, LSD, 60sYouth Culture.1938. He creates it. Hallucinates for 8 hours. CIA is involved in hopes to be used in an interrogation or war setting, truth serum. CIA experiments with LSD in 1950’s. In the 1960s, LSD is distributed to hippies and free spirits.  Alexander Shulgin, MDMA, Dance music culture. 1980-1990s it was considered the underground, but now i is upfront and a party drug. It was thought of as a chemical that could be combined with other chemicals to be useful. Alexander synthesized MDMA and experimented on himself. It was being synthesized and spread across the country. Seen as a tool in psychotherapy, then used recreationally, it was legal. Molly.o Contemporary drug epidemics Crack in 1980s Prescription drug use Heroin  Krokodil (similar to heroin but it is extremely contaminated and causes infections) Bath salts Social structure: when and why did heroin and cocaine become illegal in the US? Law, the economy, politics, organizations. Factors that are larger than the individual but shape the experience. Race is a consistent factor. o The Harrison Narcotics Act of 1914: criminalized heroin and cocaine. There was concern that people were getting negative effects from patent medicine. Stories of African American men getting high on cocaine and going on shooting sprees.o The Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986: instituted mandatory minimum sentences for different amounts of drugs. Removed discretion of judges and demanded mandatory sentences  The groupo The moral economy in Edgewatero Most homeless heroin injectors cannot survive as solo operators on the street. They areconstantly seeking to exchange heroin, wine, and spare change. Mutual obligationso Gifts of money, blankets, and food were the primary means – aside from sharing drugs – they used to define and express friendships, hierarchies, and exclude outsiderso Hustling to be able to recognize, when to give, help, say no, and when to be angryRighteous Dopefiend Moral economy Structure/agency Habitus: the process where distinctions and the distinction-making processes seem natural and taken-for-granted. The structural side of culture. Refers to our deepest likes, dislikes, and permanent dispositions, including those of our preconscious bodies. Grounded historically in the collective frameworks of culture and society, misrecognized as instinct, common sense, or character, which becomes the basis for how we feel things and why we act. Symbolic violence: the mechanisms that lead those who are subordinated to misrecognize inequality as the natural order of things and blame themselves for their location in their society’s hierarchies.o Iatrogenic pathologyo Harm reduction - inadvertently created a dynamic of unproductive self-blame among Edgewater homeless. Being willfully and oppositionally- self-destructive feels like an empowering alternative to conceiving of oneself as a sick failure who lacks self-control Lumpen abuse:  Intimate apartheid: manifests itself explicitly in the special demarcations of the Edgewater homeless drew between blacks and whites in their encampments. It also operates at the preconscious level, expressing itself as embodied emotions, attitudes, and ways of acting that reinforce distinctions, which become misrecognized as natural racial attributes Neoliberalism: negative connotations employed by critics of market reforms. Used to mean a moderate form of liberalism. Now means a more radical and laissez-faire capitalist set of ideas.Pejorative way or referring to a set of economic/political policies based on a strong faith in the beneficent effects of free markets. Philosophy in which the existence and operation of a marketare valued in themselves, separately from any previous relationship with the production of goods and services… and where the operation of a market or market-like structure is seen as an ethic in itself, capable of acting as a guide for all human action, and substituting for all reviously existing ethical beliefs. A belief in the importance of unregulated capitalism and free enterprise. Thomas Friedman. Private markets are best equipped to handle social problems. Similar to libertarian economic principles. Describes the reigning economic and political practices of Western democracies from the 1980s to present. Reagan firing FAA air traffic controllers; Clinton signing free trade agreements with Latin American countries; fighting the Iraq war using private contractors, and decline in state funding for housing and education.o Neoliberalism & drug abuse: Consistent with the consolidation of neoliberalism in the United States, most forms of federal assistance to local governments that funded social programs for the poor – such as job training, legal services, public transit, and Community Development Block Grants – were also reduced. The Edgewater homeless were unable to adapt to the economic metamorphosis of the 1970s and 1980s. The structural adjustments caused by globalization were rendered even more disruptive by the historical shift in the U.S. mode of governance away from rehabilitative social service provision toward punitive commitment.  Ethnography and riskREADING RIGHTEOUS DOPEFIENDEthnography and risk – studying criminality “Our challenge is to portray the full details of the agony and the ecstasy of surviving on the street as a heroin injector without beatifying or making a spectacle of the individuals involved and without reifying the larger forces enveloping them.” - Liberal (common) – left, democrat- Liberal (original) – advocate market/state relationship.o Adam smith:- Neo liberal – advocate pure free market; loosening of government regulation of the economyo Milton Friedmano Thomas FriedmanThe Rise and Fall of America’s Crack EpidemicEarly Cocaine History- Early medicinal ad for cocaine (toothache drops)The Incubation Phase- The Medellin Cartel and the popularization of cocaine