EXAM 3 NOTES DRUGS AND SOCIETY Drugs in social context Social structure laws the criminal justice system politics state national global race ethnicity gender class History o LSD MDMA and The group the individual The body brain chemistry historical contingency human agency rationality dopamine serotonin Albert Hoffman becoming a drug dealer or addiction tolerance user withdrawal CIA LSD 60s Youth Culture 1938 He creates it Hallucinates for 8 hours CIA is involved in hopes to be used in an interrogation or war setting truth serum CIA experiments with LSD in 1950 s In the 1960s LSD is distributed to hippies and free spirits Alexander Shulgin MDMA Dance music culture 1980 1990s it was considered the underground but now i is upfront and a party drug It was thought of as a chemical that could be combined with other chemicals to be useful Alexander synthesized MDMA and experimented on himself It was being synthesized and spread across the country Seen as a tool in psychotherapy then used recreationally it was legal Molly o Contemporary drug epidemics Crack in 1980s Prescription drug use Heroin Krokodil similar to heroin but it is extremely contaminated and causes infections Bath salts Social structure when and why did heroin and cocaine become illegal in the US Law the economy politics organizations Factors that are larger than the individual but shape the experience Race is a consistent factor o The Harrison Narcotics Act of 1914 criminalized heroin and cocaine There was concern that people were getting negative effects from patent medicine Stories of African American men getting high on cocaine and going on shooting sprees o The Anti Drug Abuse Act of 1986 instituted mandatory minimum sentences for different amounts of drugs Removed discretion of judges and demanded mandatory sentences The group o The moral economy in Edgewater o Most homeless heroin injectors cannot survive as solo operators on the street They are constantly seeking to exchange heroin wine and spare change Mutual obligations o Gifts of money blankets and food were the primary means aside from sharing drugs they used to define and express friendships hierarchies and exclude outsiders o Hustling to be able to recognize when to give help say no and when to be angry Righteous Dopefiend History scientific progress opening closing of drug markets contingencies unpredictable events Moral economy Structure agency Habitus the process where distinctions and the distinction making processes seem natural and taken for granted The structural side of culture Refers to our deepest likes dislikes and permanent dispositions including those of our preconscious bodies Grounded historically in the collective frameworks of culture and society misrecognized as instinct common sense or character which becomes the basis for how we feel things and why we act Symbolic violence the mechanisms that lead those who are subordinated to misrecognize inequality as the natural order of things and blame themselves for their location in their society s hierarchies o Iatrogenic pathology o Harm reduction inadvertently created a dynamic of unproductive self blame among Edgewater homeless Being willfully and oppositionally self destructive feels like an empowering alternative to conceiving of oneself as a sick failure who lacks self control Lumpen abuse Intimate apartheid manifests itself explicitly in the special demarcations of the Edgewater homeless drew between blacks and whites in their encampments It also operates at the preconscious level expressing itself as embodied emotions attitudes and ways of acting that reinforce distinctions which become misrecognized as natural racial attributes Neoliberalism negative connotations employed by critics of market reforms Used to mean a moderate form of liberalism Now means a more radical and laissez faire capitalist set of ideas Pejorative way or referring to a set of economic political policies based on a strong faith in the beneficent effects of free markets Philosophy in which the existence and operation of a market are valued in themselves separately from any previous relationship with the production of goods and services and where the operation of a market or market like structure is seen as an ethic in itself capable of acting as a guide for all human action and substituting for all reviously existing ethical beliefs A belief in the importance of unregulated capitalism and free enterprise Thomas Friedman Private markets are best equipped to handle social problems Similar to libertarian economic principles Describes the reigning economic and political practices of Western democracies from the 1980s to present Reagan firing FAA air traffic controllers Clinton signing free trade agreements with Latin American countries fighting the Iraq war using private contractors and decline in state funding for housing and education o Neoliberalism drug abuse Consistent with the consolidation of neoliberalism in the United States most forms of federal assistance to local governments that funded social programs for the poor such as job training legal services public transit and Community Development Block Grants were also reduced The Edgewater homeless were unable to adapt to the economic metamorphosis of the 1970s and 1980s The structural adjustments caused by globalization were rendered even more disruptive by the historical shift in the U S mode of governance away from rehabilitative social service provision toward punitive commitment Ethnography and risk READING RIGHTEOUS DOPEFIEND Ethnography and risk studying criminality Our challenge is to portray the full details of the agony and the ecstasy of surviving on the street as a heroin injector without beatifying or making a spectacle of the individuals involved and without reifying the larger forces enveloping them Liberal common left democrat Liberal original advocate market state relationship o Adam smith Neo liberal advocate pure free market loosening of government regulation of the economy o Milton Friedman o Thomas Friedman The Rise and Fall of America s Crack Epidemic Early Cocaine History Early medicinal ad for cocaine toothache drops The Incubation Phase The Medellin Cartel and the popularization of cocaine in the US Pablo Escobar Carlos Lehder and Rafa Carlos George Jung Rafa Jon Roberts The Expansion Phase Cocaine becomes a middle class drug by the early 80 s Whatever the price by whatever name cocaine is becoming the all American drug No longer is it a