CLAS 220 1st Edition Lecture 2 Outline of Last Lecture Myth goddesses Current Lecture- The GodsPolytheism Vs. Monotheism, - Monotheistic: one god, Judaism, Christianity, Islam, see their god as omniscient omnipotent and good abstract maybe representable- Polytheism: many gods, Greece, Roman, Hinduism, see the work as filled with divine forces of various kinds, not all benevolent, potentially competing with each other, and potentially limitless, different gods have different functions, more human in behavior and representation of the gods are important. o Sacrifice- animals must consent to sacrifice – grill thigh bones with fat oThe major Greek text to give us the origin of the universe is Hesiod’s Theogony.Gaia and Uranus- Mother and Father Sky- According to Hesiod’s Theogony, Gain born Chaos, creates Uranus as her husband- They give birth to twelve Titian- Their youngest son, Cronus, becomes hos father’s rival and castrates hi, --later becomesAphroditeCronos and Rhea- Cronos doesn’t want to repeat fathers mistake so he eats his own children- Rhea saves the youngest of them (Zeus), feeds her husband a stone instead- Boy Zeus taken off to Crete, the Corybantes sings and dances when he cries so hisfather wont hear him- Zeus returns and rescues his brothers and sisters- Rhea associated with the great mother goddess (Cybele), worshipped by ecstaticdancersEarly generations – few temples, rituals, and myths other than aboveThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Zeus’s generation and followed is worshipoedZeus- Son of Cronos and Rhea- King of gods- Father of heroes and gods- God of clouds, thunder and lightning- God of oaths and councils- God of victory and justice- God of hosts and guests ** (invite them in and then bathe them and dinner before youask who they are and why they are there)- Worshipped everywhere, especially Olympia and Dodona Poseidon (Roman Neptune)- Brother of Zeus and Hera- God of sea (fisherman)- Earthquakes, horses, bulls- Divides the universe with his brother Zeus(Heavens) and Hades (underworld)- Archenemy of Odysseus, hero of the Odyssey Dionysus (Roman Bacchus)- Son of Zeus and mortal Semele, born from Zeus’s thigh (Hera tricks mortal into beingburned so Zeus saves son)- God of wine and its consequences (wine is daily beverage- purifies water even if 1/5)- Young, slightly effeminate- but powerful, Foreign- yet Greek- Good worship- moderate drinking, theatre- Bad worship- maenads (women who go into the countryside and drink and tear animalsapart with bear hands)- Myths about humans who deny himApollo- On of Zeus and mortal Leto, Twin of Artemis- A very Greek idea of young masculinity, god of the transition of manhood, - Sometimes connected to the sun- Hunting, archery, plagues, and healing music- Associated with prophecy, especially Delphi (slays the Python, takes over as god ofDelphi)- Hostile to the Greeks in Homer- “Know yourself”, “nothing in excess”Ares (Roman Mars) - Son of Zeus and Hera- God of war, especially of going berserk- Violent, moody, cowardly, whiny- Few myths, and little ritual- The dark side od war (victory and strategy= Athena)Hephaestus- Blacksmith god- Son of Hera (along or with Zeus)- Lame, target of dicing laughter- fell from heaven so he has a limp and is not perfect- Married to Aphrodite or to Charis (grace)- Special worship in Athens, where his near-rape of Athena is responsible for birth ofErichthonius, the founding king (from sperm thrown on the ground)- Worshipped also on the (originally non-Greek) island of Lemons- Makes armor for Achilles in the Iliad. Hermes- Son of Zeus and Maia- Messenger, trickster, thief, herdsman- Invents lyre and fire, steals cattle for Apollo (all on first day of life)- God of boundarieso Between life and deatho Between properties (herms- on fence post- erect on top)o Adolescent masculinityHades (Roman Plutus)- King of the underworld- Groom of Persephone- Associated with wealth (mineral, vegetal)- Rarely spoken of, sacrifice with face averted- God of death and decayHomeric Hymns- short poems of praise to the gods, often include prayer, often describe ritual activity—probably began as preludes to performances of Homeric Epic—introduce key features of the god and tell important mythsTo Demeter- Themes Marriage (initiations)= death  Persephone and Hades marry and then she goes back home ¾ of year so represents the seasons—1/4 with hades = winterSongs sang at weddings were the same sung at funerals. Persephone also Kore, “the Maiden” - she collects flowers with her friends (agriculture vs. gathering)  ground opens and she gets sent to the underworld to get married marriage destroys one family as it creates another  teachers triptoemus how to grow grainMystery ritual Eleusinian Mysteries- Remain mysterious- Two levels of initiation- Must speak Greek and could not have shed blood- 9 days of ritual in late SeptemberThesmophoria- woman festival- Secret agricultural festival- October- Women only- Three days- Day of procession- Day of fasting- Day of piglet sacrifice, retrieval of last years