BIOL 101 1st Edition Lecture 4Outline of Last Lecture I. Structure and Bonding of WaterA. Polarity of Water Produces Hydrogen BondingII. Emergent Properties of WaterA. Adhesion/CohesionB. Moderation of Temperaturei. High Specific HeatResists extreme temperature changeii. High Heat of VaporizationEvaporative Coolingiii. Solid Water is Less Dense than Liquid WaterIce Floats C. Excellent Solventi. SolutionSolventSoluteOutline of Current Lecture 1. Hydrophilic2. Hydrophobic3. Solution Concentrationa. Molarb. Percent2. Acids, Bases and pHa. pH Scalei. 0-14ii. Negative log Hydrogen Ion Concentration (-log [H+])BuffersChapter 4- Carbon Compounds = Organic Chemistry- Miller Urey Experiment- Carbon Atom and Bondingo Biological Molecules consist primarily of Carbon bonded to C, O, N, S, P, or Ho Carbon can form four covalent bonds-tetravalento Hydrocarbons- Molecular Diversityo HydrocarbonsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o Isomers Enantiomers- Chemical (Functional) Groupso Hydroxylo Carbonylo Carboxylo Aminoo Sulfhydrylo Phosphateo MethylCurrent LectureHydrophilic- loves waterHydrophobic- hates waterPercent solution- wt./vol.= if you want 7% solution = 7ml/100 mol.Vol./vol.= if you want 12% solution= 12ml/100mol.Molar of NaCl= 23+35.5= 58.5 molecular weight of NaCl. 1M=58.5g/LAcids and BasespH scale= 0-14, 0=acidic, 14= basic. Normal body pH is around 7. OH-= the opposite of H+ aka pHStomach acid= pH=2  0.01M(H+)= 10-2 –(-2)= 2. Gastric juices are very acidicUrine is very acidic, that’s the job of the kidneys.Buffers- combination of weak acids and bases that help minimize the change in pH. Clicker QuestionsWhich has the most valence electrons?Answer: oxygenWater molecules are…A. HydrophobicB. NonpolarC. Positively chargedD. Negatively chargedE. NeutralCompared to an acidic solution at 5, a basic solution of 8 has 1,000 times more hydrogen ions. H+ 10-8= pH of 8= alkaline and the OH- is 10-6Chapter 4Chemical (Functional) Groups= 7 groups- be able to recognize themCarbon is the backbone of life1. Has 4 valence electrons aka four ports that you can build off of. Carbon and bind to carbon. You can make double bonds. Carbon is an extremely useful building block of life. 2. Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds3. If you change the structure, you change the function4. Can form ringsIsomers- same compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties. Like your right and left hands. Glucose, galactose and fructose are all structural isomers. Cis and trans refer to structural locations of isomers. Cis= same side. Trans= opposite. Functional Groups- groups of organic molecules that are commonly involved in chemical reactions.1. Hydroxyl group (-OH) – called an alcohol when bound. 2. Carbonyl group (C=O)- called a keytone or aldehyde depending on the position. 3. Carboxyl group (COOH)= called carboxylic acid or organic acid4. Amino group (-NH2)= called an amineGroup that has a carboxyl group and amino group is an amino acid. 5. Sulfhydryl group (-SH) = called thiol when bound6. Phosphate group (-OPO32-)= organic phosphate when bound. Almost always chemically reactive. 7. Methyl group (-CH3)= no polar. Not water-soluble= called methylated compound when