IPHY 4440 1st Edition Lecture 1Outline of Current Lecture I. Why Study Endocrinology?II. Endocrine Disorders III. What is endocrinology?IV. Types of bioregulators or messengers Current LectureI. Why study endocrinology? 1) It’s fascinating2) Links all biology from a molecule standpoint to the environment3) Supports the idea that biology is a complete and integrated phenomenon II. Endocrine Disordersa. Most common endocrine disorders appear in women 1) Diabetes: #1 cause of blindness and #2 cause of death 2) Obesity3) Reproductive disorders: breast cancer, osteoporosis, infertility, prostate cancer4) Thyroid Disorders: graves disease, cretinism5) Adrenal disorders: stress associated, addison’s disease 6) Exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs)b. EDCs may mimic or block hormones (synthetic or natural chemicals)1) Estrogenic EACs include: natural estrogens (in plants), phytoestrogens (in soy, sprouts), phthalates/bisphenyl A (in plastics, Nalgene), alkylphenols (in soaps, detergents)c. EACs are associated with:1) Decreased fertility, puberty that occurs earlier than normal, increased cancers, obesity and diabetes III. What is Endocrinology? 1) Chemical messengers (hormones) that travel through the blood to their target tissue and elicit a specific effect. Most endocrine glands are ductless meaning they secrete into the body without a duct. 2) A hormone that either stimulates or inhibits something in the bodyThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.3) Hormones have distinctive receptors that are proteins with a specific shape that bindto any cell that has that specific receptor and causes the target cell to respond and affect the physiology a. Exocrine glands: empty their secretions to the outside world and secrete through ducts to the surface1) Examples: tears or sweat2) Not all exocrine products travel through ductsb. Endocrine vs. exocrine1) Endocrine: “endo” into blood2) Exocrine: “exo” into GI tract (lumen) or directly outside the body meaning continuous to the outside worldc. Endocrine organs (all secrete hormones)1) Kidney, thyroid, liver, pituitary, adipose fat, testis, ovary, brain, bone, endothelium of artery, pineal, heart, stomach, small intestine, adrenal cortexd. Endocrinology explained today1) Chemical Bioregulation: bioregulator released from cell into the extracellular space  blood, CSF, lymph, ECF until it reaches a target cell and causes a physiological effectIV. Types of Bioregulatorsa. Hormones1) Source: secreted by endocrine cells into filtrates meaning the blood or (lymph, CSF). Leaks out into interstitial fluid or tissue fluidCartoon depiction: sending a letter in a bottle down a stream (message inserted into the blood) b. Neurocrines: secreted by neurons 3 Types1) Neurotransmitters (ex. aCh) released to synapse to induce an electrical charge aka action potential2) Neuromodulators released to synapse cause a direct effect on target cell therefore NO action potential is generated but alters the activity of other neuron ex: acupuncture releases Enkephalin 3) Neurohormones released directly into the blood (no synapse) aka neurosecretoryhormones, which trigger a wide range of effects throughout the body and very close to the synaptic terminal and blood vessel ex. AdrenalineCartoon depiction: two cells exchanging a holiday card (aka the synapse)c. Cytocrines (“cyto”=cell)2 types: Secreted by ALL cells are local messengers released into the ECF (no synapse) 1) Paracrines: affect other cell types ex. Epithelial cells communicate to connective tissue to build collagen or epithelial cell “talking” to another epithelial cellsCartoon depiction: cards spread everywhere (communication to any neighboring cells) 2) Autocrines: “self-stimulating” affect the same cell. Monitoring its own physiology and produce their own responses ex. Cancer cellsCartoon depiction: “Note to self” d. IntracrinesTwo types: Secreted by all cells and secreted IN the cell 1) Second messengerscAMP2) Transcription factors: regulate expression of genese. SemiochemicalsTwo types: secreted by the organism and secreted outside the animal and signals between organisms 1) Pheromones: affect the same species. Ex: reproductive behavior or menstrual cycles2) Allelomones: affect different species. Ex. Different forms of one gene= “allele”Clicker Question: can a single bioregulator act as all of the following?- Hormone- Neurocrine- Paracrine/Autocrine- PheromoneAnswer: Yes an example would be estrogen that possess all 4 bioregulators because of prostaglandins which is a hormone that are released during pregnancy produced in the CNS as a pain desensitizer. Paracrine because it causes an inflammatory response, neurocrine because released by millions of neurons during this type of stress on the body, Pheromones are also released during