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O-K-State ZOOL 4133 - Introduction and Evidence
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ZOOL 4133 1st Edition Lecture 1 Introduction and EvidenceWhat is Evolution? I. Evolution can be thought of as “decent with modification”II. Traits that are inherited change throughout the following generationsIII. Evolution is also recognized when the variation within a population is eliminated or created due to interaction between certain processes Why Study Evolution?II. Human healtha. Evolution helps us understand the origins and evolution of pathogens III. Agriculturea. Evolution can be applied to improve the attainment of certain traits when breeding domestic speciesb. We can also understand the origins of these species through evolutionIV. Conservationa. Evolution can be utilized to catalogue biodiversityi. Ex: predict the effects of climate changeEvidence for evolutionI. Darwin’s hypothesized 5 predictions for evolutiona. Microevolutioni. Species vary and change though timeb. Speciationi. Lineages deviate from each other and splitc. Macroevolutioni. New life forms can be derived from earlier life forms over long stretches of timed. Species are linked by descent from a common ancestori. They are not independente. Life on the earth is oldMicroevolutionII. Variation across successive generations can be observed in the laba. Ex: variation with the number of revolutions on an exercise wheel produced by selected miceThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.b. Artificial selection is also another observable experimenti. Ex: various breeds of domestic dogsc. Natural populationi. Ex: Darwin’s observation of finches’ adaptations on various island habitats1. Beaks changed with food availabilityii. Ex: Sticklebacks changed their phenotype in response to predators in the environmentiii. Ex: Humans living in higher altitudes have adapted to the environment1. Tibetans 2. EPAS1 alleled. Vestigial structuresi. Traits that have no function or are rudimentary of what they were originally purposed to be1. Ex: Limb adaptation bones in a pythonSpeciationIII. How long does speciation take?a. Speciation is a continuous process i. The length depends on the speciesb. The endpoint is signalized when there is complete reproductive isolationi. New speciesIV. Ring speciesa. Species that interbreed freely between populationsi. They link the entire speciesb. Evidence that one species can split into twoMacroevolutionI. The fossil recordsa. Extinctionsi. Evidence that some groups of related species are the origins of extant life todayb. Law of successioni. There are phenotypic similarities between extant and extinct species forms that are found in the same geographic locationc. Transitional formsi. Intermediate forms of life developmental stages found in fossil recordii. Transitional forms when adapting from land to water and vise-versaiii. Closest extant relative of whales and dolphins1. Hippopotamus HomologyII. Comparative anatomya. Evidence for decent from common ancestorb. Ex: carpals are found to have modified for adaptation between various speciesi. Humans – grabbingii. Mole – diggingiii. Horse – runningiv. Dolphin – swimmingv. Bat – flyingc. Comparative geneticsi. Pseudogenes1. Non-functional genes that produced a protein in the past2. Accumulates mutationsa. Calculating accumulated mutation can indicate how much time has passed since loss of the function3. Common ancestry should show older pseudogenes in a larger species rangea. Ex: great apesd. Definedi. “similarity due to the inheritance of trait from a common ancestor”e. Researchi. Ex: naked mole rat is immune to cancer1. Model organism to study biomedical research withLife on Earth = oldIII. The earth can be aged with Carbon datingIV. Life has existed on earth for over 3 billion


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O-K-State ZOOL 4133 - Introduction and Evidence

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