PHIL 150 1st Edition Lecture 1Outline of Current Lecture I. Ann Baker Introduction to Philosophical thinkingCurrent Lecture- Claims: specific, focused assertions that are put forth as being true or false- The most basic skills in philosophical thinking are justifying and clarifying claims- It’s easier to clarify literal claims than metaphorical ones- Justification: When reasons are given to believe the claim- Argument: To put forth other claims in support of a claim you are defending; a set of claims- 2 parts to an argument; conclusion and premises (support the conclusion)- Core idea of a philosophical argument is the idea of giving reasons for a claim: offering premises for the purpose of showing that the conclusion of the argument is true- Deductive arguments: arguments whose premises, if true, guarantee the truth of the conclusion- Invalid arguments: Premises are true but the conclusion is false- Fallacy: a mistake in reasoning- Conditional statements: statements of the form; if A, then B.- A=antecedent, B=consequentThe content of philosophy concerns: 1. The fundamental nature of reality-the nature of space and time, of properties and universals, and especially but obviously not exclusively the part of reality that consists of persons (the branch of philosophy called metaphysics).2. The fundamental nature of the cognitive relations between persons and other parts of reality-the relations of thinking about, knowing, and so on (the branch of philosophy called epistemology).3. The fundamental nature of values, especially values pertaining to ethical or social relations between persons and other parts of reality, such as nonhuman animals, theenvironment, and so on (the branch of philosophy called axiology, which includes themore specific fields of ethics, political philosophy, and aesthetics).These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- An argument that considers and responds to objections is much stronger than an argument that considers no objections at all.- Enumerative inductive arguments: premises that provide good but not conclusive grounds for the truth of the conclusion- Validity: it is impossible for the conclusion to be false while the premises are true- Explanatory/Abductive Argument: along the same lines as enumerative inductive arguments- Deductive: the truth of the premises is intended to guarantee the truth of the conclusion- Inductive/explanatory: the truth of the premises is merely intended to make the truth ofthe conclusion very likely or probable but not guaranteed.- Objections: doubt in a claim- “Thinking Clearly”-being able to clarify various ideas and views that you encounter- Logical: considering and sometimes discovering reasons for those views/being able to successfully evaluate when those reasons are good ones or not.- See many sides of an issue-don’t be satisfied with just one
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