PHIL 150 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lecture: 1 Lecture 1 (January 20)1. Which are, according to Baker, the two most basic skills needed for philosophical thinking?Baker says that philosophical thinking involves clarification and justification. Philosophers clarify their claims if they are open to different interpretations. For example, they give more precise meanings to some of the terms used in their claims. Philosophers also justify their claims, that is, they offer reasons for them.2. Why does Baker say that objecting to the conclusion of an argument is not the best way of objecting to that argument?Because objecting to a conclusion leaves us with two arguments, the initial argument and the argument that we used to show that that conclusion is fake. In other words, we are left with two arguments with opposing conclusions, with no reason for accepting oneof those conclusions rather than the other. A more effective way of undermining an argument (and in particular its conclusion) would be to show (a) that its premises are false, or at least implausible, or (b) that the conclusion does not follow, deductively or inductively, from those premises.3. What, according to Anne Baker is the definition of Claim?specific, focused assertions that are put forth as being true or false.4. What are the two parts to an argument?conclusion and premises (support the conclusion)5. The content of philosophy contains what three fundamentals?1. The fundamental nature of reality-the nature of space and time, of properties and universals, and especially but obviously not exclusively the part of reality that consists of persons (the branch of philosophy called metaphysics).2. The fundamental nature of the cognitive relations between persons and other parts of reality-the relations of thinking about, knowing, and so on (the branch of philosophy called epistemology).3. The fundamental nature of values, especially values pertaining to ethical or social relations between persons and other parts of reality, such as nonhuman animals, theenvironment, and so on (the branch of philosophy called axiology, which includes the more specific fields of ethics, political philosophy, and aesthetics).6. According to Anne Baker, how is “thinking clearly” defined?being able to clarify various ideas and views that you encounter7. Define logical in Anne Baker’s way.considering and sometimes discovering reasons for those views/being able to successfully evaluate when those reasons are good ones or not.8. Which claims are easier to clarify, literal or metaphorical?Literal.9. What is the core idea of a philosophical argument?the idea of giving reasons for a claim: offering premises for the purpose of showing that the conclusion of the argument is true10. Define the form of a conditional statement.If A, then B. A=antecedent, B=consequent11. Define the relationship between objections and arguments.An argument that considers and responds to objections is much stronger than an argument that considers no objections at all.12. What is the difference between validity and invalid arguments?Invalid arguments: Premises are true but the conclusion is false. Validity: it is impossible for the conclusion to be false while the premises are true13. Define Enumerative inductive arguments.Premises that provide good but not conclusive grounds for the truth of the conclusionRemember: You must see many sides of an issue-don’t be satisfied with just one perspective!!!Question to Ponder: How would you distinguish between science and