BMB 251 1st Edition Lecture 1Outline of Last Lecture I. HeredityII. Central Dogmaa. DNAb. RNAIII. Protein IV. Ribosome V. GeneVI. Endosymbiosis VII. MutationsOutline of Current Lecture VIII. Covalent BondsIX. Bond TypesX. ElectronegativityXI. AffinityXII. Functional groups found in biomoleculesCurrent Lecture- Cells are made of relatively few elementso Elements C, H, N and O compose 96.5% of living organism’s weighto Other elements include Mg, Ca, Na, K, P, Al, Si, and a few others- Covalent bonds: involves sharing of electrons between atomso Molecule: cluster of atoms held together by covalent bonds- Bond types:o Determines the 3D geometry, which in turn determines the macromolecular conformation how many different molecules can bond with a specific atomo Determines the 3D rotation, which in turn determines the macromolecular dynamics single bonds have a degree of freedom, which allows it to spin around double bonds have a shorter length and are stronger than single bonds; they aremore rigid and do not allow rotation around its bond axis- Electronegativity determines polarity, which contributes to non-covalent interactions o Four types of non-covalent effects mediate intermolecular interactions within the cell Ionic bonds: involves the transfer of electrons between ions (atoms with charges)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. Hydrogen Bonds: type of dipole moment that occurs between a Hydrogen atom and either an Oxygen, Nitrogen or Fluorine atom Van der Waals forces: electrons cloud around any atom fluctuates, producing temporary dipole moments that attract any atom to one another. If two atoms do not repel each other, they’ll attract each other through this weak force- Aka London Dispersion forces- Only occurs when atoms are very close together Hydrophobic effect: observed tendency of nonpolar substances to aggregate in aqueous solution and exclude water molecules. Molecules that are hydrophobic are insoluble in water, the effect describes the segregation and apparent repulsion between water and nonpolar substances- Affinity: equivalent to the amount of time two atoms will be in the associated state in a complex versus being in a disassociated stateo Depends on the 3D orientation (whether or not they fit well together)- Functional groups that are commonly found in biomolecules:o Methylo Hydroxylo Carboxylo Carbonylo Amineo Sulfhydrylo
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