FOR2060 1nd Edition Lecture 2 Outline of Last Lecture I. The Problem of Human Population Growth A. Definition of Carrying Capacity II. What is Sustainability?III. Should We Be Worried About Our Forests?IV. Why the Forests are ImportantA. Ecosystem ServicesB. Definition of WatershedC. Carbon SequestrationOutline of Current Lecture V. The History of Humans and ForestsA. Stone Tools and Fire VI. Dawn of Agriculture VII.15th-18th Century Forests VIII.Industrial Revolution IX.Development of Forestry A.What is Forestry?B.Preforestry C.Stage 1: Administrative Forestry D.Stage 2: Ecologically Based Forestry E. Stage 3: Social Forestry X. What is a Forest?A. Determinism XI. Interactions and Interdependence Between Vegetation, Soil, and Other FactorsXII. The Basis of Modern Forest Management Current LectureV. The History of Humans and Fires Our primitive human ancestors were tropical tree dwellers. In the trees they were able to get food, had protection from enemies, and had shelter from the elements. However, with the reduction of forest area, group apes evolved; this lead to a relative independence from the forests. Next came life in the grasslands, where our ancestors found that large grassland animalsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.were a good source of food (examples: buffalo, elk, deer). The 1st dramatic increase in human population occurred between 1 million and 100K years ago. Humans became smarter and expanded out of the grasslands into previously inhospitable environments with the help of stone tools and fire. These tools allowed us to live through harsh winters (we used fire for fuel and shelter) and helped us learn how to hunt. Approximately 10K years ago the Pleistocene die-off occurred when large grassland animals died off because of huge climate changes and expansion of the human population. VI. The Dawn of AgricultureThe second major increase in the human population occurred approximately 8000 years ago when there was widespread clearing of forests for agriculture. The wood was used as fuelwood for cooper and iron smelting. With agriculture many places were able to grow a surplus of food. This food could then be traded across the world, leading to more human population expansion. VII. 15th-18th Century Forests The Europeans were fearful of the Native Americans; however, they viewed the new forests as having great potential. These new forests were an “inexhaustible economic potential” and was viewed as the New Eden. VIII. The Industrial Revolution In the late 1700s to the early 1900s there were advances in agriculture, mining, manufacturing, transportation, and technology. This led to the 3rd major increase in human population. In 1800 there about 1 billion humans on the earth; however, in 2013 there were 7.1 billion people on the planet. The people then cut down the trees of the forests and used the wood for building, machinery, power, and paper. The dependence on forests has not waned. Its as high now as ever, if not higher. IX. Development of Forestry Forestry is defined as “the science, art, business and practice of conserving and managing forests and forest lands to provide a sustained supply of forest products, forest conditions, or other desired forest values.” There are four stages in the development of forestry.Preforestry occurs when the forest is simply part of the environment. At this stage, the forest is a habitat for prey and enemies and the provider of some necessities of life. There is a low population and little technology, which leads to low demands on the forest. As population increases, the demand on the forest increases. This leads to deforestation, conflict, etc.Administrative Forestry is generally focused on industrial and/or military supplies of forestry and wildlife products. There are laws, regulations, and rules that accompany this stage. There is little regard to the ecological differences between different forest types across the landscape. This stage fails to achieve conservation and sustainability goals. Ecologically based Forestry aims to sustain production of timber ad other forest products. This stage is based on an understanding of ecological differences between forest types, sustainable yield, etc. It is usually successful, but these forests may not sustain the full range of values of “natural” forests. Social Forestry aims at sustaining a wide range of forest conditions and values desired by society. It is ecologically and biologically sustainable for timber, watersheds, recreation, biodiversity, and other forest values. X. What is a Forest?A forest is not merely a stand of trees it is a complex ecosystem. It contains trees, other plants that interact with trees to provide shelter, competition, and benefit, animals that feed on the forest, use it as shelter and benefit from its plants. It is full of microorganisms, soil, and people. It also has a distinct climate and atmosphere. The principle of determinism shows that increasing complexity leads to decreasing predictability. XI. Interactions and Interdependence between Vegetation, Soil, and Other Factors Vegetation=f(soil, climate, parent material, topography, time) f=a function of Soil=f(vegetation, climate, parent material, topography, time) XII. The Basis of Modern Forest Management We can only manage forests by understanding the ecological characteristics of forests. By understanding these characteristics, we can successfully and sustainably manage these forests. Forest ecology provided a means of recognizing, understanding, classifying, and mapping the natural variation of forests and predicting the consequences of