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U-M ANTHRBIO 201 - Mendelian Genetics
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ANTHRBIO 201 1st Edition Lecture 4Outline of Current Lecture Darwin's Problems with VariationGregor MendelRediscovery of Mendel's LawMitosis and Meiosis Mendel Moves OnCurrent LectureA. Darwin used domesticated pigeons to illustrate the power of artificial selection1. Variation in pigeons create life forms with resemblances to each otherB. Human brain size has doubled in the past 2 million years1. Small rate per year2. 10,000 times slower than the rate of change in beak depth of GalapagosfinchesUnderstanding variation: Mendelian GeneticsII. Darwins problems with variationA. Knew biological role is variable and variation is a key to his theoryB. Blending inheritance1. when mate big individuals with small individuals→ offspring would be ofintermediate size (sounds reasonable2. Everyone would be the same no variationIII. Gregor MendelA. Mendel’s breeding experiments1. isolated characteristics and traits in peas: pea color2. breeded string of plants that consistently gave him yellow peas3. only got either green or yellow peas never an in between4. with yellow pea plant parents, mixed grandparent → 3 yellow, 1 greenB. dominant trait1. expressed in F1 generationC. Recessive trait1. masked in the F1 generationD. genes1. material particles of inheritance2. inheritance is particulateE. alleles1. variants of genes (when genes are different)F. homo/heterozygous1. homo=2 similar alleles2. hetero=2 different allelesG. Law of Segregation1. each particle or gene is equally likely to be transmitted to gametes orsex cells2. provides a basis for understanding the resultsIV. Rediscovery of Mendel’s lawA. Law depends on1. chromosomes carry the hereditary material2. sex cells are formed through meiosisB. Chromosomes1. long linear bodies found within nuclei2. different organisms have different numbers of chromosomesV. Mitosis and MeiosisA. Mitosis exact duplication of cellular materialB. Meiosis splitsC. Chromosomal basis of inheritance1. Mendel’s law of segregation is consistent with the assumption thatparticles or genes reside on chromosomes and that they separateduring meiosis2. Each particle or gene is equally likely to be transmitted to gametes orsex cells because during meiosisa) only 1 homologous chromosome is inheritedD. Genotype vs Phenotype1. Genotypea) indicates the genes carried by an individual; AA homozygote isthe genotype of yellow plants2. Phenotypea) observable characteristics of an organism → yellow is thephenotype of AA3. Punnett squarea) shows 4 possible outcomes when mating 2 heterozygous pairsVI. Mendel Moves onA. looks at 2 traits together; pea color and seed texture1. yellow, green, smooth, wrinkledB. Crossed plants that bred true for 2 traits1. 9 smooth, yellow, 1 wrinkled green, 3 smooth green, 3 yellow wrinkledC. Interpreting the results1. Parental generation: individuals breed true and all are homozygous2. Pea color: yellow=AA green=aa Seed smooth=BB wrinkled=bbD. 4 types of results can formE. Summary:1. starts with homozygous plants2. Mendel’s law of independent assortmenta) particles or genes that control different traits


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U-M ANTHRBIO 201 - Mendelian Genetics

Type: Lecture Note
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