Just Passing Through Water borne Disease cholera Vibrio cholerae typhoid Salmonella enteriditis typhi salmonellosis Salmonella ssp dysentery shigellosis Shigella dysenteriae All of these organisms are inhabitants of the guts of mammals humans cattle pigs birds chickens turkeys and reptiles turtles snakes Can exist in small numbers and cause no illness in humans due to our probiotic gut microbes Let s go out to dinner Let s sit down and enjoy a nice plate of raw oysters Oysters are filter feeders deriving nutrients from the sea water they live in Sometimes the water they live in becomes contaminated with sewage Oysters raised in water containing Salmonella enteriditis typhi filter and concentrate these microbes in their tissues The Journey of Salmonella 1 2 3 4 The saliva of the mouth destroys 90 but the initial concentration was 10e6 The acid of the stomach destroys another 90 of the Salmonella The bile of the upper intestine destroys 90 of the remaining Salmonella Enough Salmonella remain to now contact the cells lining the intestine Cellular burglar with a protein key Salmonella bacterium attaches itself to M cells of the gut epithelial cells of the host using special docking proteins to bind to receptor proteins on the host cells M cells ruffle their membranes in response to Salmonella and draw the bacteria inside Typhoid symptoms High Fever 103 and 104 F 39 or 40 C headache weakness and fatigue sore throat abdominal pain diarrhea or constipation Children are more likely manifest diarrhea adults typically become severely constipated If untreated By the second week A rash of small flat rose colored spots may develop the lower chest or upper abdomen The rash is temporary usually disappearing in three or four days During the second week Fever remains high and diarrhea the color and consistency of pea soup or severe constipation develops Considerable weight loss due to dehydration The abdomen may become extremely distended Third week the typhoid state By the third week delirium from constant fever and dehydration Lying motionless exhausted eyes half closed characterizes the typhoid state Life threatening complications cardiac arrest etc often develop Fourth week death or recovery If death does not occur during the fourth week fever decreases gradually and returns to normal in another week to 10 days Famous typhoid victims Abigail Adams U S President John Adam s wife Albert of Saxe Coburg Gotha British prince consort to Queen Victoria s husband Stephen A Douglas Abolitionist US senator Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky Composesr Archduke Karl Ludwig of Austria Leland Stanford Jr Philanthropist Henry Frederick Stuart Prince of Wales Heir to the throne of James I of England Godfrey Weitzel Union army Major General American Belle Boyd Washington DC spy for the Convederacy Typhoid Worldwide 17 million people contract this disease and 600 000 die every year Antibiotics can successfully treat typhoid but the incidence of resistant strains is dramatically increasing Potable Water Contains no disease causing microbes Salmonella enteriditis typhi typhoid fever Shigella dysenteriae bacillary dysentery indicators of fecal contamination in drinking water Wastewater Treatment The City of Raleigh currently treats an average of 36 7 million gallons of wastewater a day Typhoid Mary Asymptomatic healthy carrier September 23 1869 November 11 1938 Overview Water borne diseases like typhoid fever shigellosis and bacillary dysentery are caused by bacteria normally present in low numbers in the gut being introduced in contaminated food or drinking water Salmonella bacteria attach and enter gut epithelial cells multiplying and spreading through the blood generating typhoid fever symptoms Typhoid shigellosis bacillary dysentery and salmonellosis kill 600 000 yearly particularly in the developing world Potable water is free of disease causing bacteria Water treatment involving chlorination and watewater treatment controls water borne diseases like typhoid fever cholera and bacillary dysentery in the developed world Typhoid fever can also be spread by asymptomatic carriers that do not practice good hygiene best exemplified by Mary Mallon otherwise known as Typhoid Mary