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U of A HESC 1403 - Biological Beginnings
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Natural selection = evolutionary processthe best adapted individuals in a species survive and reproduce.All organisms must adapt in life.Those that adapt best can then have babies, and those traits can reproduce.Evolutionary psychologyPhysical and behavioral characteristics are emphasized.Emphasizes adaption, reproduction, and survival of the fittest in shaping behavior.Evolution explains human physical features and behaviors.Larger brains and more complex societiesComplex thing: ex- “the day after tomorrow”Takes longest of all mammals to matureSome evolved mechanisms of adaption not compatible with modern society. (ex: kindergarteners having to sit in classrooms)Benefits decrease with ageFailures: harmful conditions and non-adaptive characteristicsAs adults weaken biologically, culture-based needs increaseAlternative: bi-directional viewGenetic foundations of DevelopmentThe collaborative geneNucleus of human cellChromosomes- thread-like structuresDNA- double helix shaped molecule (made up of chromosomes.-every normal cell in human body has 46 chromosomes, arranged in 23 pairs. The one exception being gametesGenes- units of hereditary information.-Have one job = to make proteins.Human genome project20,500 genes in humansgenetic expression and inherited traits (physical and psychological traits); these traits are coming out because of social and environmental effects we live in and genes.Genes and chromosomesMitosis- cell nucleus duplicates.Process of cloning where cell nucleus duplicatesGrowth and repairMeiosis- cell division forms gametes (sex cells)Fertilization- egg and sperm form zygote (the new single cell formed between the two gametes)-genetic variability in the population-X (women) and Y (men) chromosomes determine sexEach zygote is uniqueIdentical and fraternal twinsMuted genes due to environmental agentGenotype: all of one’s genetic makeupPhenotype: observable characteristics (ex: hypertension, cardiovascular disease). Derive because complex interaction between genetics and environment.Genetic principlesDominant and recessive genesSex-linked genesX-linked inheritance for males and femaleGenetic imprintingImported gene dominatesPoly-genetically determined characteristicsMany genes interact to influence a traitChromosomal and gene-linked ABNORMALITIESChromosomal: abnormality in chromosomeSingle gene linked: abnormality of a single geneMultifactorial disorders: osteoporosis, hyper-tension, arthritis, etc.-down-syndrome: 2 copies of chromosome 21.-sex-linked abnormalitiesklinefelter syndrome: XXY instead of XYfragile X syndrome: X in boys is fragile, breaksTurner syndrome: girl is XO instead of XXXXY syndrome: link to criminal males unprovenChromosomal and gene-linked abnormalities-gene-linked abnormalitiesPKU- treated by diet (can’t metabolize lactose)Sickle cell anemia- red blood cells affected-more common in African American (northern Africa) than CaucasianSome of these single gene disorders can be compensated for by other things.Heredity and Environment Interaction: The Nature Nurture DebateBehavior geneticsStudies genetic impact on traits and developmentTests for genetic/environmental influencesTwin studiesShared and non-shared factorsAdoption studiesEffects of biological and adoptive parentsHESC 1403 1st Edition Lecture 2A Topical Approach to Life-Span Development (6th edition) --skipping chapter 1Chapter 2: BIOLOGICAL BEGINNINGSThe evolutionary perspective- Natural selection = evolutionary processthe best adapted individuals in a species survive and reproduce. o All organisms must adapt in life. o Those that adapt best can then have babies, and those traits can reproduce. - Evolutionary psychology o Physical and behavioral characteristics are emphasized. o Emphasizes adaption, reproduction, and survival of the fittest in shaping behavior. o Evolution explains human physical features and behaviors. Larger brains and more complex societies Complex thing: ex- “the day after tomorrow” Takes longest of all mammals to mature Some evolved mechanisms of adaption not compatible with modern society. (ex: kindergarteners having to sit in classrooms) - Benefits decrease with age- Failures: harmful conditions and non-adaptive characteristics- As adults weaken biologically, culture-based needs increase- Alternative: bi-directional view  Genetic foundations of Development The collaborative gene- Nucleus of human cellThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o Chromosomes- thread-like structureso DNA- double helix shaped molecule (made up of chromosomes. -every normal cell in human body has 46 chromosomes, arranged in 23 pairs. The one exception being gametesGenes- units of hereditary information.-Have one job = to make proteins. - Human genome projecto 20,500 genes in humanso genetic expression and inherited traits (physical and psychological traits); these traits are coming out because of social and environmental effects we livein and genes.  Genes and chromosomes- Mitosis- cell nucleus duplicates.o Process of cloning where cell nucleus duplicateso Growth and repair - Meiosis- cell division forms gametes (sex cells) - Fertilization- egg and sperm form zygote (the new single cell formed between the two gametes) -genetic variability in the population-X (women) and Y (men) chromosomes determine sex- Each zygote is uniqueo Identical and fraternal twinso Muted genes due to environmental agento Genotype: all of one’s genetic makeupo Phenotype: observable characteristics (ex: hypertension, cardiovascular disease). Derive because complex interaction between genetics and environment.  Genetic principles- Dominant and recessive geneso Sex-linked genes X-linked inheritance for males and femaleo Genetic imprinting  Imported gene dominateso Poly-genetically determined characteristics Many genes interact to influence a traitChromosomal and gene-linked ABNORMALITIES - Chromosomal: abnormality in chromosome - Single gene linked: abnormality of a single gene- Multifactorial disorders: osteoporosis, hyper-tension, arthritis, etc. -down-syndrome: 2 copies of chromosome 21. -sex-linked abnormalities- klinefelter syndrome: XXY instead of XY- fragile X syndrome: X in boys is fragile, breaks- Turner syndrome: girl is XO instead of XX- XXY syndrome: link to criminal males unproven 


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U of A HESC 1403 - Biological Beginnings

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