PSYC 3830 1st Edition Lecture 4Outline of Last Lecture I. Consilience ModelA. Different Ways of Looking at Mental Disorders II. Defining NIMHIII. NIMH’s Usage of Consilience ModelIV. DSM’s Usage of the Consilience ModelV. MalingeringOutline of Current Lecture VI. Original DSMB. Definition C. How the DSM defines a phobic reactionD. How the DSM 5 defines a specific phobiaVII. Different Types of Phobic SituationsVIII. Specific Phobiasa. Definitionb. How To Diagnosec. Treatment OptionsCurrent LectureVI. Original DSM:B. Published in 1952 by the American Psychiatric Associationa. Takes a psychoanalytic approachi. Believes that all mental disorders are caused by a problem in the subconsciousC. Phobic Reaction – displaced anxiety to some symbolic idea or situationa. Attempts to control the situation by avoiding itb. Overall: the original DSM tries to place meaning behind these anxietiesD. In contrast, the DSM 5 defines a specific phobia as a fear or anxiety about a specific object or situationa. Recognizes a difference between fear and anxiety i. Fear is immediate, anxiety is toward a future eventb. No displacementc. Fear or anxiety is out of proportiond. Persistent (last 6 months of more)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.e. Causes clinically significant distress of impairmentVII. Different Types of Phobic Situations:a. Animals (usually fear or anxiety about one that is harmless)b. Natural Environment (fear or anxiety when it is not an immediate threat)i. Ex: heights, storms, waterc. Blood Injection Injuryd. Situational (human made)i. Ex: airplanes, elevators, enclosed spacese. Othersi. Ex: situations that may lead to choking or vomiting, costumed characters VIII. Specific Phobias:a. A type of anxiety disorderb. How would you diagnose a specific phobia?i. Clinical Assessment1. Life Dataa. Demographics2. Observational Dataa. Expert – how the person is acting when talking about their fearb. Informant – information from a loved one3. Test Dataa. Data gathered systematically and consistently from person to personb. Ex: structured interviews – exactly the same questions asked in the exact same way in the exact same order4. Self Report Dataa. What the person comes in complaining aboutb. Comes from unstructured interviews5. Finally, apply all of this data to the DSM to find treatment optionsc. Treatment Options:i. Exposure Therapy – expose the person to their fear, continuously rate their level of discomfort until it decreasesii. Cognitive Restructuring – have the patients discuss their fear and anxiety and show they why it doesn’t make logical