BIOL 1103 1st Edition Lecture 1*What is science?I. systematic inquiry – through observation and experiment – into the:a. originsb. structure, and c. behavior of living and nonliving environments 2) 6 steps of the ‘scientific method’1. Observation  leads to a Question2. Question  leads to a hypothesis3. Hypothesis: a prediction of the hypothesis outcomea. CONTROL: Constant (ex: open jar with meat)b. VARIABLE: varies, manipulated (ex: covered jar with meat inside)4. Prediction5. Experiment: testinga. ex: Open Jar Maggots?b. ex: Closed Jar Maggots?6. Conclusion:a. -Supports?b. -Does not support?3) Scientific Theory vs Law Scientific Theory: generally reliable- a THEORY: can be tested but can NOT be Disproved (ex: evolution) Law: can be proved or disprovedThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.4) Examples of Scientific Theories (3): 1) Cell theory: that all living organisms are composed of cells2) Evolution: the fundamental study of biology3) Natural Causality: the principle that all events can be traced to natural causes5) Science= is a human endeavor, and Scientists can also make mistakes EX: Alexander Flemming= Penicillium*What is LIFE?1) Cell: the basic unit of life and is separated from its surroundings by a membrane.Organisms hold (6) main characteristics:1. Acquire and use materials and energya. acquired from the air, water, soil, and bodies of other living thingsb. use energy continuously to sustain themselves ENERGY is acquired through TWO ways:-comingdirectly or indirectly from the sun2. AUTOTROPHY: Photosynthesis, self made3. HETEROTROPHY: Consume energy-rich molecules in the bodies of other organisms, not self made2. Actively maintain organized complexity: use energy continuously to SELF-SUSTAINA. Cells: pump chemicals in and out for appropriate chemical reactions to occurB. Organisms: maintain relatively constant internal conditions or homeostasis  internal equilibrium3. Perceive and respond to stimuli:A. Sensory organs in animalsB. Internal stimuli in animals are perceived by:1. Stretch2. Temperature3. Pain4. chemical receptorsC. Plants and bacteria also respond to stimuli4. Grow: Growth involves the conversion of acquired materials to molecules of the organism’s body5. Reproduce: Organisms reproduce by: A. dividing in halfB. producing seedsC. bearing live youngD. laying eggsThe parent’s genetic material (DNA) is passed on to the offspring6. Have the capacity to evolve, collectively: EVOLUTIONA. Evolution is a process by which modern organisms that are created from existing organisms form a new life.B. Changes in DNA within populationsoccur over the course of generations = EvolutionC. Evolution provides an explanation for the similarities found between different types of organismsD. Populations : groups of the SAME type of organism living in the SAME area*Three (3) Natural processes of Evolution1. DNAA. MUTATIONS: source of differences in DNAa. Occur when changes in GENES are copied by accident. b. Variations are due to differences in GENES2. Inheritance:a. MUTATIONS: Happen in the Sperm or Eggi. EFFECTS of Mutation:1. No effect (harmless)2. A decrease in the organism’s ability to function3. Death of the organism4. An increase in an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce (rare)3. Natural Selection:Organisms that best meet environmental challenges leave the most offspring, certain inherited traits survive and reproduce better than others in a particular environment*Matter and the Study of Life:Matter is formed of  Elements- Smallest to Largest:Atom  Molecules  Cells (smallest unit of life)  Tissues  Organs  Organ systems  Organisms (people)1. Species:Organisms of the same type that are capable of interacting and interbreeding2. Population:A group of organisms of the same species living in a given area3. Community:Interacting populations4. Ecosystem:community and its nonliving environment5. Biosphere:The entire surface of Earth, including living and nonliving components6. *Organisms classified by DOMAINS: 7. 1. Bacterial: Single/simple celled8. 2. Archaea: Single/simple celled9. 3. Eukarya: Multi Celled: contain FOUR (4) Kingdoms10. a. Fungi11. b. Plantae12. c. Animalia13. d. Protists Biologists use the Binomial System to name organisms: Genus and Species are the two SMALLEST categoriesa. Genus:many different species with similar characteristicsb. Species:organisms that can interbreed and are nearly