BIOL 261 1st Edition Lecture 2Levels of Organization- Know that 4 elements make up the body: hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen- Major classes of compounds are water, carbs, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids- From smallest to largest cells, tissues, organs, organ systemsOrgan Systems- Anabolism: bonding of chemicals together- Catabolism: breaking of chemical bonds- Integumentary: protection, temperature control- Skeletal: support and protection, mineral storage, blood formation- Muscular: movement, support, heat production- Nervous: coordination of other organ systems, direct responses to stimuli- Endocrine: directing long-term changes in the activities of other organ systemso Exocrine: ducts; Endocrine: ductless- Cardiovascular: internal transport of cells- Lymphoid: infection/disease defense- Respiratory: air delivery- Digestive: food processing, nutrient absorbing- Urinary: elimination of excess water, salts, and waste; pH control- Reproductive: production of sex cells and hormonesRegions of the Human body- Cephalic: headThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Cervical: neck- Thoracic: chest- Brachial: upper portion of arm- Antebrachial: lower portion of arm (forearm)- Carpal: wrist- Manual: hand- Abdominal: abdomen- Pelvic: pelvic- Pubis: anterior pelvic- Inguinal: groin - Lumbar: lower back- Gluteus: buttocks- Femur: thigh- Patellar: kneecaps- Crural: leg, from knee to ankle- Sural: calf- Tarsal: ankle- Pedal: foot- Sole: plantar region of footRegions- Anterior: front- Posterior: back- Ventral: belly- Dorsal: back- Cranial: head- Cephalic: head- Superior: upper- Inferior: lower- Caudal: tail- Medial: toward midline- Lateral: away from midline- Proximal: closer to body- Distal: farther from body- Superficial: closer to outer surface- Deep: closer to inner surfacePlanes- Frontal: cuts body into front and back- Transverse: cuts body into top and bottom- Sagittal: cuts body into left and right- Midsagittal: cuts body into left and right, exactly in the middle- Parietal: lines wall- Visceral: lines