BIO 171 1st Edition Lecture 1Outline of Last Lecture I. N/AOutline of Current Lecture II. Characteristics of Living Organisms III. The Genetic Material: DNA IV. Evolution/The Tree of LifeCurrent LectureII. Characteristics of Living Organisms-Ability to reproduce -Made up of cells-Contain DNA (genetic material)-React to their surroundings/environment -Adapt/evolve over time-Carbon based (organic molecules)-Acquire energy from surroundings - Maintain homeostasis (ability to keep body at homeostasis)Three Domains of Life:1. Eukaryotes (have a nucleus) i.e. plants and animals 2. Bacteria-prokaryotes (do not have a nucleus)3. Archaea-prokaryotes (do not have a nucleus)- Archaea and Bacteria can live in virtually any environment including extreme environments- Archaea and Bacteria have important ecological roles:o Bring oxygen into the atmosphereo Help w/ Nitrogen fixation o Help w/ decomposition III.The Genetic Material: DNADiversity of Structure:These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.-Different combinations of nucleotides create different DNA molecules oNucleotide pairing forms double helix shape –Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T) and Guanine (G) pairs with Cytosine (C)Ability to Replicate: -Turns one double helix into two oNucleotide pairs split and are re-paired with new (A still with T, G still with C)Mutability: -Errors that occur during DNA replication introduce mutations and create genetic variation oNecessary for evolution/adaptation-Mutations happen spontaneously and randomly oFrequency increased by chemical mutagens, UV radiation, smoking, etc. Regulated Gene Expression (The “Central Dogma”): A Gene= a section of DNA that contains information for building a protein (or RNA molecule)DNA (info. Storage)--------transcription--->mRNA (info. Carrier)------translation--->Proteins (activecell machinery)-Transcription:oComplementary base pairing is used to transcribe DNA into RNADNA uses A-T and G-C; RNA uses A-U and G-C (for base pairing)-U stands for Uracil -Translation: oUses complementary base pairing and genetic code table IV.Evolution/The Tree of Life - All living things share a common ancestor o This divergence from a common ancestor is represented with phylogenetic "trees”o Phylogenetic trees are read with increasing time from the bottom, up. o Phylogenies can be moved around and the order can be flipped, without changing evolutionary trends, as long as the connections remain the same.- The Three Domain Phylogeny (Tree of Life) is based on rRNA (ribosomal RNA) geneso This is because all living things have ribosomes (all living things synthesize proteins) All living things also: Create ATP, have 20 common amino acids, and have similar cellular