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OSU ECON 4130 - ECON 4130 Topic 11 笔记

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Topic 11: The Second Industrial RevolutionI. The Second Industrial Revolution, 1870-1914. By 1914, technology in almost everyindustry was dramatically different than that in place in 1870. The technological change of the Second Industrial Revolution had two important characteristics: (1) affected everyday life (2) relied on basic scienceA. Important innovations1. Steel Production. a. Steel contains less carbon thancast iron but more carbon than wrought iron. So it is less brittle than cast iron but harderand more durable than wroughtiron. Steel had been produced for centuries but only in small quantities b/c it was very costly.b. In 1856, Henry Bessemer patented a technology (the Bessemer converter) for producing steel directly from molten iron, eliminating thepuddling process and yielding asuperior product.c. In 1860, Pierre and Emile Martin of France and the Siemens brothers developed the open hearth furnace (Siemens-Martin furnace) that produced more consistent quality steel than the Bessemerconvertor, but at a greater cost.d. In 1878, Sidney G. Thomas andPercy C. Gilchrist patented the “basic” process: lining the convertor or open hearth furnace with limestone or otherbasic materials to neutralize the phosphorus in the iron ore. This technology allowed the plentiful phosphorus-bearing iron ores to be used to make steel. E. The result was a tremendous increase in steel produced: in 1865 less than 500,000 tons of steel were produced, by 1914 more than 50 million tons of steel were produced.F. Steel production had significant forward linkages. Steel wasused to make railroad rails, ships, and building materials (Skyscrapers).2. Electricity. The economic potential had been suspected since early 19th century. Humphrey Davy demonstrated thelighting capabilities of electricity as early as 1808. Relying on the work of scientist, Michael Faraday invested the electric motorin 1821 and the dynamo (generator) in 1831. a. Early electric motors were very expensive to run: per unit of output, electric power was 20 times more expensive than steam power. The first effectiveuse of electricity was not in power transmission, but in the telegraphy.b. Initially, there were competing technologies: direct current and alternating current. In the 1860s advances were made in both technologies: electric motors were designed that could provide steady streams of energy without overheating and the costs of producing alternating current were reduced. c. In the 1870s, the use of electricity spread rapidly. d. In the 1880s, Thomas Edison (U.S.) and Joseph Swan (UK) developed the lightbulb.e. In 1889, Nikola Tesla, built an electric polyphase motor using an alternating current. Westinghouse improved this technology. Later, Lucien Gauland and John D. Gibbs invented the transformer. William Stanley, an employee for Westinghouse, improved the transformer. These inventions led to the alternating current defeating the direct current which provedto be too expensive to use for power transmission.3. Communications. a. 1876 Alexander Graham Bell patents telephone.b. 1895 Gugliemo Marconi (Italian) invents wireless telegraphy or radio. Now it waspossible to transmit message w/o wires. As early as 1901, there were wireless transmissions across the Atlantic. 4. Chemicals. a. Artificial dyestuffs and fertilizers as well as explosives were developed during this period.b. In 1899, Bayer, a German firm, rediscovered acetyl salicylic acid, better known today as aspirin.5. Transportation. The transportation inventions of the Second Industrial Revolution were personal modes of transportation: automobiles and bicycles.a. Automobile: In 1876, German Nicolaus August Otto perfectedthe 4-stroke engine.Karl Benz adapted an Otto-typeengine to run on gasoline. Dunlop invented the pneumatictire.b. Bicycle: There were many predecessors of the modern bicycle. The early versions were difficult to ride and keep one’s balance. In 1885, John K.Stanley built the Rover safety cycle. Over time, improvements were made and by 1900, bicycles were a cheapand popular mode of transport.While in some ways the bicyclewas novelty, it also represented a cheap and democratic form of personal transportation (something not true of automobiles during this period). 6. Process innovations and The American system of manufacturing. This system as pioneered by Americans Eli Whitney and Simeon North (in gun)manufacturing in the first decade of the 19th century. In the first halfof the 19th century this process wasstill be refined and improved.a. Continuous flow technology--similar to a modern assembly line.b. interchangeable parts—this system was pioneer by Americans Sli Whitney and Simeon North(in Gun manufacture) in 1st decade of 19th century. Pierces were stamped out according to a pattern and then////// a pattern was used to stamp out pieces to be assembled, allowed for repairs, vs. Wholly handcrafted.During the 2nd IR this system was perfected and used in the manufacture of firearms, clocks, pumps, locks, mechanical reapers, typewriters, sewing machines, and eventually engines and bicycles. These processes eliminated or diminished the roll of skilled labor in many industries.B. Leadership changes in the Second Industrial Revolution. The 2nd IR was much more of an international phenomenon than the 1st IR. Important inventions and innovations were developed in Germany, the U.S., Italy, France, etc. Britain rather than leading the 2nd IR, like it led the 1st IR actually fell behind during this period. Britain continued to grow but not as fast as other countries.[Tables from Maddison: Tables 1-1, 3-1, and 3-2]Table 1-3: GDP per capita 1. Britain had the highest GDP per capita in 1820. By 1913, its per capita GDP was significantly lower than US 2. Notice the tremendously rapid growth of Japan throughout the 20th centuryTable 3-1: Average Annual Growth in GDP per capita1. 1820-1870 Britain had a growth rate of 1.2% per year, the 2nd highest inWestern Europe. Only Belgium ( 1st follower) was higher. Look at high growth in Australia & Us (emerging market)2. 1870-1913 Britain had one of the slowest growth rates in W. Europe (UK 1% per year, per capita. Germany meanwhile was growing at 1.6% per year and the U.S. At 1.8% per year.3. Britain’s eventual fall to almost the lowest GDP per capita in W. Europe wasthe result of her slow growth rates (relatively) in the 20th century.//////II. The Decline of Britain: The British


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OSU ECON 4130 - ECON 4130 Topic 11 笔记

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