BIOLOGY 172 1st Edition Lecture 1 Outline of Last Lecture I. First lecture of the semester! Introduction to the course and the Professor.Outline of Current Lecture I. Personnel and Office HoursA. Prof. Lyle Simmons, Prof. Steven ClarkII. Course MaterialsIII. How to do well in this courseIV. Major aspects of BiologyV. Development of Cell TheoryCurrent LectureProf. Simmons Office Hours: 4140 Kraus Natural Science Building, from 1-2 pm Tuesdays; or 3141Kraus Natural Science Building, from 10:30-11:30 am Thursdays, or by appointment.Email: [email protected]. Clark Email: [email protected] Prof. Clark will take over lectures February 25th.Course Materials: - Textbook: How Life Works, by Morris, et al.- Ctools: For course announcements.- Piazza: Ask questions online. On Piazza, your peers, Graduate Student Instructors, and Professors help answer your questions.- Launchpad: Online Book supplement. - Online Quizzes: take these quizzes on Launchpad, due by 8:30am M, W, F. Unlimited tries, 6 questions per quiz, and each quiz is worth 3 points.- iClicker: Helps check attendance at lecture. Answer the questions, you get points for being there rather than if you are correct or not.EXAMS: 30 Multiple Choice, 3-4 Short Answer Questions.Each exam is worth 160 points, and they are not cumulative.Exam 1: Monday, February 2nd. 6-8pmExam 2: Monday, February 23rd. 6-8pmThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Exam 3: Monday, March 30th. 6-8pmExam 4: Tuesday, April 27th. 7-9pmGrading: Exams make up 640 points for the whole class. Online quizzes are 102 points, and with attendance (98 points) that equals 840 TOTAL points.A- grade: 756/840 B- grade: 672/840 C- grade: 588/840D- grade: 504/840How to Do Well in This Course!Review lecture material after reading the corresponding book chapters.Go to office hours with specific questions, especially about concepts you struggle with!Learn concepts rather than memorizing facts. The exams will test your ability to apply concepts, not rote memorization.Major Aspects of Biology:The Unity of Life- How biological systems function. Underlying principles that allow manycomponents in a system to operate together.The Diversity of Life- The many components of a biological system.Evolution explains both the Unity and Diversity of life.Unity of Life- Common properties of Living ThingsOrder: Well ordered in a biological system; like how trees grow but the survivors end up being slightly separated from each other, so that each receives a good amount of sunlight.Energy Utilized: Living things take in nutrients, and convert it to energy. All cells do this.Response: When it rains, plant takes in water. Bacteria respond to chemicals. Humans respond to cold weather by layering.Reproduction: All cells must reproduce, and reproduction leads to survival.Evolve: Through beneficial traits that are selected for (meaning that animal with a beneficial trait is the one reproducing) species evolve. For example, the beaks of hummingbird fits a flower, helping it survive so it can better reach its food.There is Unity in Diversity!Many similarities can be found at the molecular and cellular levels. Between Protists andAnimals, for example: The cilium, which is found in human windpipes and moves in a way that traps particles, is also found in Parmecium. The cross section of both types of cilium looks the same.Cell Theory:The cell is the lowest level in the hierarchy of biological organization that can perform all of the activities required for life.A working definition: A living thing is a cellular entity that acquires energy from its surroundings and is capable of reproducing, evolving, and processing hereditary (genetic) information.- Cells use their DNA for genetic information.- All cells are enclosed by a plasma membrane that regulates passage of materials in and out of the cell.- Cells are the basic living block of all things.Development of Cell Theory-- Aristotle proposed the concept of “cell” before first cells were seen and he concluded there must be an ultimate unit of life.- The first view of cells was recorded by Robert Hooke’s drawing from 1665. Hooke lookedat oak bark (wood) under a crude microscope, and named the cavities “cells.” The pattern he saw looked like honeycomb.- Anton van Leeuwenhoek was the first to observe bacteria under a crude microscope of his own creation in 1684. He noted that the bacteria looked and moved like “little animals” in a pepper infusion he studied.- In 1839, Theodor Schwann proposed that all organisms are composed of cells.- Rudolf Virchow and Louis Pasteur – In 1858 they hypothesized that all cells come from pre-existing cells; there is no such thing as spontaneous generation of