Elizabeth van DijkBIO 183-006BPrimary Literature Review AssignmentQuestion 1: The primary difference between 1 from 2 and 3 is that it is a reviewed paper rather than a research paper than the other two are. The purpose of a review article is to summarize the research done on the specific subject, in this case "Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria and Aging." Instead of one research area, a review article researches everything about the topic, such as people involved, major advances, or current debates. The advantage to a review article is that it gives a greater overall knowledge toward a subject rather than limit it to a specific instance. However, a disadvantage is that it does not show application or the process of investigating the subject at hand. Someone would want to read a review article if they want to know more than one article about a subject or if they want a basic knowledge about a topic ratherthan just one specific article. One may figure out how the data was obtained in the mentioned articles by viewing the actual articles and reading them. Review articles mention peer-reviewed articles which have their own methods, results, and discussions. Question 2: In paper 2, humans were surveyed and monitored, while rats were monitored in paper 3. The advantage of using humans is that it can be related to more easily and can account for people because it is actual people being tested. However, the disadvantage is that it is hard to test aging research because humans have a long life span and the observations could last for decades. The advantage to using rats, is that they have short life spans and that they are easy to control so they make easy-to-use test subjects. Also, there is less policies and laws to what is ableto be tested rather than with humans which cannot be altered as much. However, a disadvantage to using rats is that it is not 100% relatable. Although both humans and rats are animals, theyhave different DNA and different body and brain functions which cannot be completely conclusive on results. Question 3: Through the NCSU library, you can find databases based on different subjects. For biology, 3 databases available for use are Biological Sciences through ProQuest, BIOSIS Previews through WEB OF SCIENCE, and Encyclopedia of life sciences. Review: Manini TM, Hong SL Clark BC. 2013. Aging and muscle: a neuron's perspective. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 16(1): 21-16.Regular: Deschenes MR. 2004. Effects of Aging on Muscle Fibre Type and Size. Sports Medicine 34(12): 809-824. Question 4: Mitochondria is constantly in close association with oxygen intermediates. Because of this muscle tissues are categorized based on an age-associated increase in reactive oxidant-induced (mtDNA) damage. If this occurs, it may result in a loss of ATP production which could affect tissue function thus associated with aging. It is shown that as age increases, ATP production decreases by approximately 50% in rat mitochondria within the gastrocnemius muscle. However, when looking at the heart, there was no decline in production. The decrease in the gastrocnemius muscle may be involved with sarcopenia, which increases with age. 8-Oxo-7, 8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine in mtDNA was not affected by age but declined 30% with caloric restriction. This could mean that processes that decrease oxidative stress with caloric restriction are not related to ATP production. The production of oxygen species did not change much with aging. This data shows that the age related decrease of ATP production is tissue specific and onlyoccurs in skeletal muscle and mitochondrial ATP is not affected by caloric