POLI150 September 3 2014 Ikenberry s definition of order set of governance arrangements that states construct to shape their interactions with other institutions Structures that states put in place to build a political system based on one of the varieties of order securities Order based on a compilation of an organizing principle restraints of power and source of stability Ikenberry s systemic order basic rules and principles of order among the states within the system Institutions rules of the game Hegemon Hegemony malign benevolent Varieties of order Balance of Power Anarchy Counterbalancing Coalitions Equilibrium of Power Hegemonic Hierarchy No restraints on concentrated poet Preponderance of power Constitutional Rule of law Binding institutions Limits on the return to power Balance of Power Anarchy v hierarchy on an international scale each state must be just as powerful as the next in order to keep a sense of equal power and keeps everyone leveled What keeps one state from overpowering another Coalitions and alliances checking power POWER CHECKS POWER Congress of Vienna following Neopoleanonic Wars Tried to create from the territories a sense of balance Equilibrium system Wanted a strong center keep Russia from moving West French from moving East buffer zone to balance Russians and French against each other Not too strong a center though Northern part center and southern part Weak middle but balance each other and consequently equal each other Roughly equal in size allowing for alliances Austrian power over Mediterranean to keep French and Russia from South Why did the equilibrium system collapse Persia takes over central Germany Northern Austria etc Buffer zone too strong to be efficient for original intention Hegemonic Hierarchical arrangement on the international scale typically based on economic power and or military power Sense of monopoly on the use of force Small states with little economic power or military power have trouble organizing themselves in efforts to challenge the main hegemonic power For a hegemon to be restrained it must typically be self restraint Just because the hegemony can take over another power doesn t mean they should It is not a matter of ability to do but a matter of if you want to or not Bandwagoning dynamic states under the hegemony typically take refuge in the umbrella of security provided by the hegemony Source of stability is simply the existence of the hegemony American hegemonic power relative to military spending GDP standard of living etc Global dominance US remains at 25 of world GDP Provides securities to own state and countries below its hegemonic umbrella of power Military bases troops stationed throughout world air power naval fleets etc Institutional elements of hegemonic order UN collective security International institutions promoting economic interdependence via trade WTO IMF Decolonization Democratization Constitutional Not about how power is organized but how rules are set in place Rule of law Domestic political system set on an international scale Differences between a benign hegemonic order v a constitutional order Sept8 The supply of order if US hegemony was so strongly disliked other states would form a coalition against Smaller medium sized powers also have the opportunity to shape decisions that affect them Mandelbaum argues that America is the world s babysitter supplier of world order brings about world rules and carries out rules Forms of order by US The US dollar Most important currency in international trade US ensures free flow of order Free trade Efforts to limit proliferation of weapons Negotiations and treaties By extending US power out to the world allies friends ensure security Spearheading humanitarian relief efforts in the wake of natural disasters Mandelbaum argues the rest of the world is not grateful for US aid Do not want to pay so do not want to admit they are benefitted US is a convenient scapegoat blame US when unfavorable things occur US asks for something in exchange of foreign aid Typically the US receives something from countries they support eg Egypt receives 1 4 Billion for war disaster relief in exchange for their upholding the peace treaty with Israel and keeping peace in the area The rest of the world is likely to view unrestrained hegemony very wearily A state would have the power to do whatever it wants whether or not the rest of the states benefit In a world where US power cannot be restrained states are less likely to cooperate How does the rest of the world want to respond to this Goliath Fear America masks hegemony as democracy it is a system we know we can control THE 14 POINTS Restructure International Politics with International Organizations Point 14 National Self determination points 7 13 Where do you wish to live Who do you wish to govern you Non discriminatory international trade Open Colonial Markets and Colonial Raw Materials to all nations on equal basis Point 3 All states have equal access to all markets trying to get rid of economic empires Freedom of the Seas Point 2 Reduce power of British Navy to intervene in American agenda The Atlantic Charter August 14 1941 National Self Determination Get rid of balance of power in favor for rule of law Free and Equal Access to World Markets and Raw Materials Open markets of England France Asia etc to American goods Freedom of the Seas Arms Control Disarmament and International Organization Let your colonies be free The Contemporary Order The WTO and Free Trade Independent and all else equal democratic states The UN and Collective Security The alternative to American hegemony is not better global governance but less global governance Mandelbaum 55 Order as a Public Good A public good is non excludable non rivalrous eg National security your access to national security is not affected by the addition of more people into the nation a lighthouse any ship captain can see it it is intended for the safety of all Collective Action Theory Public goods will be undersupplied because of free riding Mandelbaum suggests order as a public good undersupplied because of hegemonies Order thus likely to be undersupplied because states free ride the three securities international institutions Privileged group contains at least one individual whose benefit from the public good are greater than the costs of its production hegemon as a privileged group Will undertain power to control order on their own Hegemons supply order order undersupplied in