POLS 110 1st EditionFinal Exam Study Guide Lectures: 19 - 26Lecture 19 (November 17)Define the roles of the president and briefly discuss their importance and Constitutional basis.Every nation has a Head of State, someone who serves as the official representative of the nation for formal circumstances. In some nations it is someone other than the leader, but in theU.S. it is the President. It includes awarding medals, dedicating buildings, etc. The President is the Head of the Executive Branch. The President’s only limits is the budget he has to work with, (which is approved by Congress), the president cannot do anything illegal, andany executive orders the president makes only last as long as the president is in office. Otherwise, the president has a lot of flexibility. The President is the Commander-in-Chief/the official head of the U.S. military. They have the final say on all military issues, including the deployment of troops and the use of nuclear weapons. The President often serves as the focus for legislation. The agenda presented in the State of theUnion address (required by the Constitution), often serves as the blueprint for the agenda in Congress. The President has the power to kill legislation using vetoes. There is the Traditional Veto: a list of objections the president has to a bill; this can be over-ridden by Congress. A Pocket Veto: only occurs at the end of the Congressional-session. The Line-Item Veto: is the power to eliminate parts of a bill without killing the entire bill, (now Unconstitutional but many Governors have this power). The President serves as the clear leader of their political party. The President is the foremost representative of the party, what it stands for in upcoming elections. Being President has significant advantages such as fundraising for the party, sending out messages, and just general public knowledge of who the leader is of that party. The Constitution Expressed Powers: Enumerated in Article II, Section 2 and 3: They provide a framework for presidential responsibilities and an outline of presidential power. They also shape how presidents themselves develop their authority. - Serve as commander in chief of the armed forces- Appoint heads of the executive departments, ambassadors, Supreme Court justices, people to fill vacancies that occur during the recess of the Senate, and other positions - Pardon crimes, except in cases of impeachment- Enter into treaties, with 2/3 consent of Senate- Give the State of the Union address to Congress- Convene the Congress- Receive ambassadors of other nations- Commission all officers of the U.S. The Constitution Inherent Powers: - Take Care Clause: the constitutional basis for inherent powers, which states that the president “shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed”. - Inherent powers: presidential powers that are implied or can be inferred in the Constitution. Statutory Powers: - Powers explicitly granted to presidents by congressional action They supplement the Inherent and Expressed powers of the Constitution. Special Presidential Powers:- Executive order: power of the president to issue orders that carry the force of law. (P. 385 for more detail)- Emergency powers: broad powers exercised by the president during times of national crisis (P. 386 for more detail)- Executive Privilege: the right of the chief executive and members of the administration to withhold information from Congress or the courts, or the right to refuse to appear before legislation or judicial bodies (386).Lecture 20 (November 19)Discuss how a president gets elected and how a president can be removed from office.How a President gets elected:A candidate chosen for each side is as follows:The current president is usually selected to run again for their party unless it is more than 1 term they have served. The other candidate is chosen at their National Party Convention, and they are nominated based on the outcome of caucuses and primary elections held in the states. There are 538 electors in the Electoral College, (435 House, 100 Senate, 3 reps of D.C.). Candidate must win 270 votes (a simple majority) to win the presidency. On the Monday that follows the second Wednesday of December, the slate of electors chosen in each state meets in their respective state capitals and casts their electoral votes. The results are then announced in a joint session of Congress in early January. The winner takes the oath of office as president in inaugural ceremonies on January 20. Removal of a President:Impeachment: (in the House) Requires a majority vote in the Judiciary Committee and the full chamber. Like a grand jury, evaluate the evidence and determine if action should be taken. Conviction: (in the Senate) requires a 2/3 vote of the entire chamber. *Johnson and Clinton only 2 impeached; Nixon resigned before impeached. “Jury” The Senate as Trial Court: Chief Justice serves as judge, Senate body serves as jury, members of the House Judiciary committee serve as prosecutors, president allowed his own lawyers to serve as defense counsel. We have yet to remove someone though. *IMPORTANT* A vote in favor or not in favor is NOT guilty or innocent! It means is it serious enough to remove the President from office. Lecture 21 (November 24)Compare the two houses of Congress--discuss both the differences and the similarities and explain why the differences exist.The Constitution is more clear about the powers of Congress than any other branch. Enumerated Powers (Article 1 Section 8) powers granted to both chambers. President Pro Tem is not elected, it is the longest serving member of majority party. Four Primary Functions:1. Representation: How do they reflect the people that elected them in governance decisions?2. Lawmaking: How do they decide which proposals should become law?3. Constituent Service: What do they do to help the people in their districts?4. Oversights: What do they do to ensure the government is functioning as intended?Position House Senate Formal leader Speaker of the House President Pro Tem/VPActual leader Speaker of the House Majority LeaderSecond in Command Majority Leader Majority WhipMinority Leader Minority Leader Minority Leader House of Representatives: 2 year term; therefore can be responsive to public; direct popular vote; must start all “money”-orientated legislation; Senate: 6 year term (1/3 of Senators up for election at a time [staggered]); what’s