Cities of South AsiaSouth AsiaKey Urban FactsKey ThemesSlide 5Historical PeriodsIndus Valley EraAryan Hindu ImpactDravidian ImpactMuslim ImpactColonial PeriodColonial-Based CityBazaar-Based CityColonial Period (Continued)Modern PeriodSlide 16Slide 17Representative CitiesDelhiDelhi (Continued)Slide 21Kolkata (Calcutta)Slide 23Chennai (Madras)Slide 25Mumbai (Bombay)MumbaiPowerPoint PresentationKarachi (Continued)DhakaSlide 31Cities of South AsiaGrowth and Change in Urban SocietiesMumbai, India http://www.ilovepossibility.info/images/mumbai/mumbai.jpgSouth AsiaKey Urban Facts•Total Population 1.64 Billion•Percent Urban Population 29.9% •Total Urban Population 492 Million•Most Urbanized Country Pakistan (35.9%)•Least Urbanized Country Sri Lanka (14.3%)• # of Cities over 1 Million 61•# of Megacities 5 •Three Largest Cities Mumbai, Delhi,Kolkata•World Cities MumbaiKey Themes• Long history of conquest and settlement•Devastating colonial period•Massive rural-urban migration in recent decades•True primate cities in all countries• Except India • Civil wars and political instability• Flooding from monsoons and cyclones•Limited integration into the modern global economy, but changing• India a Newly Industrializing Economy (NIE) KolkataKey Themes•Three types of cities•Traditional•Colonial•Planned cities, e.g.•Chandigarh•IslamabadChandigarhwww.travelamritsar.com/ attractionsHistorical Periods• Indus Valley Era• Aryan Hindu Impact• Dravidian Impact• Muslim Impact• Colonial Period• Modern PeriodIndus Valley Era•Among world’s oldest urban hearths (3000 –1500 BC)•Mohenjo-Daro and HarappaMohenjo-Daro http://www.kmtspace.com/mohenjo-citadel-b12a.jpgIndus River Valley Civilizations Source: World Regional Geography, 10th ed., Prentice Hall, 2010Aryan Hindu ImpactAryan-speaking nomadic groups came from north to India about 1500 BCBrought the Hindu religion to the regionCaste social system Dhobi – Washermen of Sudra casteHindu pilgrims at dawn worship in the Ganges River at VaranasiThe caste system of the HindusDravidian Impact•Dravidian Temple Cities•Strong in South India•Hindu forms of city, with:•Temples•Water tanks •Chowks (bazaars)•Homes of Brahmin priests•Still strongly Hindu today•Little Muslim impactHindu Temple in India’s Tamil Nadu stateSource: Visualizing Human Geography, Wiley, 2011Muslim Impact•11th century on, first by the Arab invaders who brought•Islamic-type cities, with•Citadels•Medina•Mosques,•Brick walls•Moghuls (also Muslim) brought additional changes in the16th century•Magnificence•Massiveness •Taj Mahal & Shah JahanTaj Mahal, Agra, IndiaSource: World Regional Geography, 2010Colonial PeriodPresidency TownsBombay or MumbaiMadras or ChennaiCalcutta or KolkataThe main foci of the colonial mercantile systemhttp://www.carrental-india.com/gifs/chennai-high-court.jpgBritish India: Administered Areas and Trading StationsSource: World regional Geography, 2010Colonial-Based CityAn 18th-century portrait depicting Fort St. George, the first major British settlement in India and the foundation stone of Madras, one of the Presidency Towns.Bazaar-Based City Grown around: Trade function Temple ChowkDehli Chandni Chowk.www.alfredrichter.de/.../ Dehli-Photos/ulthm2.htmColonial Period (Continued)Other colonial settlementsCantonmentsRailway ColoniesHill StationsHill Station todayModern Period•Independence from Britain (1947)•Partition of India and Pakistan•Unresolved conflict in Kashmir•Creation of Bangladesh•British urban amenities inherited Great Hindu & Muslim migration, 1947Modern PeriodContinued conflict with large minority populationsSikhs in IndiaPashtuns in PakistanRapid growth of citiesSome of world’s great megacitiesAccelerated Urbanization from Globalization impactsMajor slums emergingGolden Temple of the Sikh religion in AmiritsarModern PeriodHigh-tech facility in BangaloreIndia’s new Interstate Highway System•In India especially:•Name changes of cities and states•Centers for international outsourcing•Modern Interstate systemRepresentative CitiesDelhiKolkata (Calcutta)Chennai (Madras)Mumbai (Bombay)KarachiDhaka (Dacca)Delhi Delhi is the name of the metropolitan area, containingNew Delhi, India’s capitalOld Delhi, formerly ShahjahanabadLocation between Ganges and Indus PlainsOn major invasion route from Khyber Pass“He who controls Delhi controls India”Source: James M. Rubenstein, Contemporary Human Geography, Pearson Education Inc., 1st edition, 2010Delhi (Continued)Old Delhi“Shajahanabad”Old Delhi: To left is Muslim neighborhood, to the right HinduRed Fort of Old DelhiDelhi (Continued)New Delhi1911 British moved capital from CalcuttaGrand inauguration in 1931Air pollution bad – among 5 worst cities in worldKolkata (Calcutta)Premier Presidency Town Originally a trade post & military garrison (1756)Old Colonial Capital1757 - 1911Undercut by Suez CanalUndercut by the creation of the country of Bangladesh Victoria Memorial 1901(photo)Kolkata (Calcutta)Kolkata, colonial administrative building•Megacity•16 million population•Leading port and capital of West Bengal•“City in a Swamp”•22 ft. below sea level•Monsoons, flooding •Pioneer in higher education•“What Bengal thinks today, India thinks tomorrow.”Chennai (Madras)Regional Center (capital) of Tamil NaduMajor seaport on Bay of Bengal One of 3 Presidency TownColonial Impacts:Portuguese Dutch British East India Co. Good example of Colonial-based CityChennai (Madras)Population about 7 millionMainly Tamils84% pop. is Hindu Famous beach – Marina BeachFamous for cultural heritage and Dravidian temple architectureWas famous for Madras silkNow Automobiles Business process outsourcingMumbai (Bombay)One of South Asia’s largest urban agglomerationsPort city Former Presidency TownFinancial centerCotton TextilesSource: James M. Rubenstein, Contemporary Human Geography, Pearson Education Inc., 1st edition, 2010MumbaiDharavi: Mumbai Shanty TownNavi Mumbai (New Bombay)BollywoodKarachiPakistan’s major portA primate city, located on the Arabian SeaBritish conquered it in 1839 and annexed into British India True Bazaar-type city in its centerKarachi, British colonial