Cities of Sub-Saharan AfricaSub-Saharan AfricaKey Urban FactsKey ThemesSlide 5Indigenous Historic CitiesSlide 7Slide 8Medieval Trade CentersPre-Colonial Urban DevelopmentUrbanization in Colonial TimesUrbanization in Colonial Times (Continued)Contemporary ConditionsSlide 14PowerPoint PresentationSlide 16Principal Urban CentersRepresentative CityNairobiSlide 20AbidjanSlide 22LagosSlide 24JohannesburgSouth African HomelandsCities of Sub-Saharan AfricaChapter 8kinshasa.jpg245 x 340 pixels - 42kwww.refugeelawcenter.org/ rlc/congodrc.htmSub-Saharan AfricaKey Urban FactsTotal Population 980 MillionPercent Urban Population 41.9% Total Urban Population 411 MillionMost Urbanized Country Gabon (86.0%)Least Urbanized Country Burundi (11%) # of Cities over 1 Million 43# of Megacities 1 (Lagos)Three Largest Cities: Lagos, Kinshasa, Khartoum World Cities JohannesburgKey ThemesOne of least urbanized areasBut rapid urbanizationRich urban traditionAncient civilizationsColonial impacts critical & variedOverwhelming focus on primate citiesSouth Africa is the exceptionhttp://web.mit.edu/urbanupgrading/upgrading/case-examples/overview-africa/images/housing-landfill.jpgKey ThemesVaried forms of internal land useLittle resemblance to Western modelsCities disorganized and dysfunctionalhttp://web.mit.edu/17.577/www/images/lagos.jpgLuanda, AngolaLagos, NigeriaIndigenous Historic CitiesNile ValleyBlack Kush Kingdom•Menroë Nubia Ethiopian PlateauAxum AdulisIndigenous Historic CitiesWest African SahelMedieval Trading EmpiresTimbuktu, Gao, Djenne •Supplying goods the Maghreb•Islam from the MaghrebDjenne, MaliIndigenous Historic CitiesWest African ForestAshanti KingdomIbadan & Ife (Nigeria)Central Africa KongoSoutheastGreat ZimbabweBulawayoMost ancient cities lost influence, but some transformed into major metropolisesRuins of Great ZimbabweMedieval Trade CentersCoastal trade centers on Red Sea and Indian OceanExtensive trade with Arabs and PersiansInterior cities influenced by expansion of IslamStone Town, Zanzibar (in modern day Tanzania)Pre-Colonial Urban DevelopmentIntermittent coastal contact by EuropeansPortuguese first, town of St. Louis in W. Africa (1445)Cities grew with trade in rubber, ivory, hides, slavesTriangular TradeElmina Castle, GhanaColonial Africa (about 1900)Urbanization in Colonial TimesWitless, irresponsible scramble by European states to partition Africa Cities varied by specific European powersMajor thrusts into the interior to ensure flow of raw materialsUrbanization in Colonial Times (Continued)South Africa, a different pattern emergedDutch founded Cape Town in 1652, later came the BritishMajor penetration of interior pre-dating colonial partitionGreater connectivity of cities, towns An urban hierarchy developedCAPE TOWNhttp://web.eject.co.za/ctfestivalofrunning/images/cape%20town.jpgIndependence Movements1950’s to 1970’sLegacy of Colonialism•Challenge of building nations •Most of primate cities and capitals already established•European urban amenities inherited •European patterns of segregation also inheritedContemporary ConditionsPolitical InstabilityLack of Political FreedomWar, Famine and & GenocideBlood DiamondsContemporary ConditionsPanning for diamonds in Sierra LeoneContemporary ConditionsRapid growth of citiesRapid population growth Rural to urban migrationCities unable to absorb migrantsModern central cities surrounded by shantytownsPublic education and health services strainedResult in a dual systemHigh cost, high quality services in private sectorLow quality public systemLuanda, AngolaEconomic Development ChallengesInadequate infrastructureRegion is the least engaged in global economyInformal Economy•Multiple Livelihood StrategiesSign of change•Chinese investment•Oil, especially Nigeria•Micro LendingContemporary Conditionswww.bootsnall.com/.../travelstories/ africa/sep02night.shtmlFerries, not bridges, on estuary north of Mombasa, KenyaPrincipal Urban CentersSource: Text Page 372Representative CityNairobi AbidjanLagosJohannesburgNairobiCapital and primate city of KenyaLargest city of East Africa City is an alien introduction British colony Railway settlement Higher percent of Europeans and AsiansEuropeans, Asians, Africans stratified by occupation and residentiallyNairobi Ultramodern city Cultural, economic center International city Multinational Business International Agencies Importance of tourism Safari headquarters Extremes of wealth and poor Now growth of squatter settlements “Nairobbery” Impressive skyline – including Kenyatta Conference Center & observation deck www.sdinet.org/kenya.htmAbidjan Originally coastal fishing village Settled by French end of 19th century Former capital of Côte d’Ivoire Vridi Canal connected lagoon to Atlantic, 1950’s One of few African cities with urban master plan Adequate water supply from huge aquiferAbidjanEconomically overwhelmed by in-migration Problems with pollution and disease Lagoon pollutedPlagued by health problems and now AIDSDecentralization program Network of medium-sized cities Relocated capital to Yamoussoukrou Abidjan remains cultural and commercial centerAbidjan with St. Paul’s Cathedral in foregroundLagos•Largest city in Africa•Capital of Nigeria from 1960- 1991 •Historically important during the slave trade (esp. Lagos Island)•Former British colony•Movement of people to “free colony” LAGOShttp://www.e-nigeria.info/images/lagos.jpgLagosPoor, oil-rich country todayBona fide African city http://web.mit.edu/17.577/www/images/lagos.jpgJohannesburg• Industrial and Mining Center•Largest city in South Africa•Founding and growth due to gold• “The City of Gold”•Microcosm of “apartheid”•Soweto, huge native city next to Johannesburg Johannesburg City Centre Source: Declan McKiernan http://www.pbase.com/boybart/image/26392068Soweto, with Johannesburg in distanceSouth African HomelandsSource: Text Page 319 Apartheid and homelands abolished since coming to power of black-dominated government under Nelson
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