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Wright URS 2000 - Chapter 8 Cities of Sub-Saharan Africa

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Cities of Sub-Saharan AfricaSub-Saharan AfricaKey Urban FactsKey ThemesSlide 5Indigenous Historic CitiesSlide 7Slide 8Medieval Trade CentersPre-Colonial Urban DevelopmentUrbanization in Colonial TimesUrbanization in Colonial Times (Continued)Contemporary ConditionsSlide 14PowerPoint PresentationSlide 16Principal Urban CentersRepresentative CityNairobiSlide 20AbidjanSlide 22LagosSlide 24JohannesburgSouth African HomelandsCities of Sub-Saharan AfricaChapter 8kinshasa.jpg245 x 340 pixels - 42kwww.refugeelawcenter.org/ rlc/congodrc.htmSub-Saharan AfricaKey Urban FactsTotal Population 980 MillionPercent Urban Population 41.9% Total Urban Population 411 MillionMost Urbanized Country Gabon (86.0%)Least Urbanized Country Burundi (11%) # of Cities over 1 Million 43# of Megacities 1 (Lagos)Three Largest Cities: Lagos, Kinshasa, Khartoum World Cities JohannesburgKey ThemesOne of least urbanized areasBut rapid urbanizationRich urban traditionAncient civilizationsColonial impacts critical & variedOverwhelming focus on primate citiesSouth Africa is the exceptionhttp://web.mit.edu/urbanupgrading/upgrading/case-examples/overview-africa/images/housing-landfill.jpgKey ThemesVaried forms of internal land useLittle resemblance to Western modelsCities disorganized and dysfunctionalhttp://web.mit.edu/17.577/www/images/lagos.jpgLuanda, AngolaLagos, NigeriaIndigenous Historic CitiesNile ValleyBlack Kush Kingdom•Menroë Nubia Ethiopian PlateauAxum AdulisIndigenous Historic CitiesWest African SahelMedieval Trading EmpiresTimbuktu, Gao, Djenne •Supplying goods the Maghreb•Islam from the MaghrebDjenne, MaliIndigenous Historic CitiesWest African ForestAshanti KingdomIbadan & Ife (Nigeria)Central Africa KongoSoutheastGreat ZimbabweBulawayoMost ancient cities lost influence, but some transformed into major metropolisesRuins of Great ZimbabweMedieval Trade CentersCoastal trade centers on Red Sea and Indian OceanExtensive trade with Arabs and PersiansInterior cities influenced by expansion of IslamStone Town, Zanzibar (in modern day Tanzania)Pre-Colonial Urban DevelopmentIntermittent coastal contact by EuropeansPortuguese first, town of St. Louis in W. Africa (1445)Cities grew with trade in rubber, ivory, hides, slavesTriangular TradeElmina Castle, GhanaColonial Africa (about 1900)Urbanization in Colonial TimesWitless, irresponsible scramble by European states to partition Africa Cities varied by specific European powersMajor thrusts into the interior to ensure flow of raw materialsUrbanization in Colonial Times (Continued)South Africa, a different pattern emergedDutch founded Cape Town in 1652, later came the BritishMajor penetration of interior pre-dating colonial partitionGreater connectivity of cities, towns An urban hierarchy developedCAPE TOWNhttp://web.eject.co.za/ctfestivalofrunning/images/cape%20town.jpgIndependence Movements1950’s to 1970’sLegacy of Colonialism•Challenge of building nations •Most of primate cities and capitals already established•European urban amenities inherited •European patterns of segregation also inheritedContemporary ConditionsPolitical InstabilityLack of Political FreedomWar, Famine and & GenocideBlood DiamondsContemporary ConditionsPanning for diamonds in Sierra LeoneContemporary ConditionsRapid growth of citiesRapid population growth Rural to urban migrationCities unable to absorb migrantsModern central cities surrounded by shantytownsPublic education and health services strainedResult in a dual systemHigh cost, high quality services in private sectorLow quality public systemLuanda, AngolaEconomic Development ChallengesInadequate infrastructureRegion is the least engaged in global economyInformal Economy•Multiple Livelihood StrategiesSign of change•Chinese investment•Oil, especially Nigeria•Micro LendingContemporary Conditionswww.bootsnall.com/.../travelstories/ africa/sep02night.shtmlFerries, not bridges, on estuary north of Mombasa, KenyaPrincipal Urban CentersSource: Text Page 372Representative CityNairobi AbidjanLagosJohannesburgNairobiCapital and primate city of KenyaLargest city of East Africa City is an alien introduction British colony Railway settlement Higher percent of Europeans and AsiansEuropeans, Asians, Africans stratified by occupation and residentiallyNairobi Ultramodern city Cultural, economic center International city Multinational Business International Agencies Importance of tourism Safari headquarters Extremes of wealth and poor  Now growth of squatter settlements “Nairobbery” Impressive skyline – including Kenyatta Conference Center & observation deck www.sdinet.org/kenya.htmAbidjan Originally coastal fishing village Settled by French end of 19th century Former capital of Côte d’Ivoire  Vridi Canal connected lagoon to Atlantic, 1950’s One of few African cities with urban master plan Adequate water supply from huge aquiferAbidjanEconomically overwhelmed by in-migration Problems with pollution and disease Lagoon pollutedPlagued by health problems and now AIDSDecentralization program Network of medium-sized cities  Relocated capital to Yamoussoukrou Abidjan remains cultural and commercial centerAbidjan with St. Paul’s Cathedral in foregroundLagos•Largest city in Africa•Capital of Nigeria from 1960- 1991 •Historically important during the slave trade (esp. Lagos Island)•Former British colony•Movement of people to “free colony” LAGOShttp://www.e-nigeria.info/images/lagos.jpgLagosPoor, oil-rich country todayBona fide African city http://web.mit.edu/17.577/www/images/lagos.jpgJohannesburg• Industrial and Mining Center•Largest city in South Africa•Founding and growth due to gold• “The City of Gold”•Microcosm of “apartheid”•Soweto, huge native city next to Johannesburg Johannesburg City Centre Source: Declan McKiernan http://www.pbase.com/boybart/image/26392068Soweto, with Johannesburg in distanceSouth African HomelandsSource: Text Page 319  Apartheid and homelands abolished since coming to power of black-dominated government under Nelson


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