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Wright URS 2000 - Chapter 7 Cities of the Greater Middle East

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Cities of the Greater Middle EastMap of the Middle EastMap of Greater Middle EastKey Urban FactsKey ThemesPre-City DevelopmentCities of MesopotamiaCities of the Nile ValleyImpact of EmpiresOrigins of the Middle EastModern PeriodModern Period: Most UrbanizedModern Period:Least UrbanizedThe Urban TriangleCapital CitiesLandscape FeaturesInternal StructureSocial ConditionsProblems/IssuesRepresentative CitiesCairoPowerPoint PresentationSlide 23Slide 24DamascusSlide 26JerusalemSlide 28Slide 29Slide 30Slide 31IstanbulSlide 33Slide 34Slide 35Cities of the Greater Middle EastGrowth and Change in Urban SocietiesKUWAIThttp://www.networkoverseas.cc/images/kuwait.jpgMap of the Middle EastMap of Greater Middle EastKey Urban FactsTotal Population 539 MillionPercent Urban Population 60.3% Total Urban Population 325 MillionMost Urbanized Country Kuwait (98.4%)Least Urbanized Country Tajikistan (26.4%) # of Cities over 1 Million 37# of Megacities2Three Largest Cities Cairo, Istanbul, TeheranWorld Cities Cairo, Istanbul, JerusalemKey ThemesFertile CrescentOrigins of early cities & civilizationLocation of cities influenced by availability of waterBirthplace of 3 world religionsMulti-cultural Strongly Arab, but also Persian, Turkish, Kurds etc.Oil and gas are key to modern urbanizationMillions of “guest workers” from South/Southeast AsiaThe “Arab Spring” in Tunisia, Libya and Egypt is spreading to Syria, Yemen and BahrainFertile Crescenthttp://online.sfsu.edu/~patters/culinary/media/fertilec.jpgPre-City DevelopmentJericho – city-like•Wall and watchtower•8th millennium B.C.•Fertile landÇatal Höyük •6,500 B.C.•50,000 pop.•Sophisticated•Domesticated wheatÇatal HöyükCities of MesopotamiaFirst cities5 or 6,000 years agoCenters of urban innovationUr and Uruk in may be origins of word and concept “urban”URUKhttp://wwwoi.uchicago.edu/OI/IS/SANDERS/PHOTOS/MESO/URUK/uruk55.jpgCities of Mesopotamia & the Fertile CrescentCities of the Nile ValleyCity concept diffused from MesopotamiaOr independently inventedMemphisOne of earliest cities5000 years agoThebes (Luxor today)Monumental architectureTHEBEShttp://www.lightstream.ie/big_images/thebes0026.jpgImpact of EmpiresPersianGreekRomanByzantineArab OttomanOrigins of the Middle EastIslam is born on Arabian PeninsulaSpread between 7th and 10th century Created new landscape•The “Islamic City”•Mosques, religious schools•Free thinking, honest trade, tolerance RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR Post-Ottoman ColonialismModern PeriodRapid urbanization a late 20th century processOil & Gas RevenuesIn 1900 there were no cities with a million inhabitantsToday, 37 cities have populations over one millionhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/olmedia/820000/images/_820118_kuwait_oil300.jpgModern Period: Most UrbanizedThe most urbanized countries of this region are eitherMore Westernized states likeIsraelJordanLebanonOr, small oil-rich states likeKuwaitUAROmanQatarBeirut, LebanonSt Elie Khalde, Boulevard DistrictModern Period:Least UrbanizedLeast urban countries are the least developedYemenTajikistanFewer than three in ten inhabitants live in citiesYemen www.hgpho.to/wfest/ house/house-e.htmlThe Urban TriangleSource: Text Page 263Capital CitiesLargest collection of historical capitals in world, example:Memphis, Thebes, Carthage, PersepolisColonial administrative capitals, example:Cairo, Damascus, Beirut, Amman, CasablancaNew independent statesSome kept the existing colonial capitalsOthers selected new capitals, such as Ankara, Rabat & TripoliThere are even specialized religious “capitals”Mecca, Medina, JerusalemLandscape FeaturesKhan: Caravanserai of Qalaat al-Madig, Syria.The Nur-Astana Mosque, KazakhstanSher-Dor Madrasa in Samarkand, UzebekistanTraditional Islamic CourtyardCovered Souk: The Grand Bazaar, IstanbulIslamic wind TowerInternal Structurehttp://www.micktravels.com/israel/jerusalem/07-citadel.jpgwww.myphotographs.net/ maroc/image14.htmlSocial ConditionsNeighborhood MosquesHospitality of inhabitantsGenerations mix freelyHomelessness less common than in the westFood/cuisine defines national cultureswww.syriatourism.org/Destinations/ damascus.htmProblems/IssuesRapid population growthUnemployment and underemploymentTransportation & other urban amenitiesShanty townsShortage of water Preservation of heritage resources Nubian Monuments from Abu Simbel to PhilaeThis outstanding archaeological area contains such magnificent monuments as the Temples of Ramses II at Abu Simbel and the Sanctuary of Isis at Philae, which were saved from the rising waters of the Nile thanks to the International Campaign launched by UNESCO, in 1960 to 1980.Representative CitiesCairoDamascusJerusalemIstanbulCairoCapital of EgyptCultural center of Arab WorldPopulation 15 million+/- Mainly Egyptian Arabs•“Cairenes”Bustling activityTourist centerPyramids, SphinxThe SphinxThe Great Pyramid of GizaSprawling Cairo, EgyptCairoSite and Situation of CairoSatellite picture of the NileCairo Internal StructureKhan al-Khalili Souk, Islamic CairoIslamic Cairo, viewed from Central CairoCairo Tower, El GeziraTahrir Square, Central CairoCoptic Christian Church, Old CairoGreater Cairo“City of the dead”Cooking among the mausoleumsSuburbs encroaching on the pyramids Fast food has arrivedMix of old and new fight for space. “Women’s car in modern metro systemDamascusCapital of SyriaOne of oldest continuously inhabited citiesGreat oasis siteBiblical referencesKing DavidSt. PaulFamous for steel, fruit, “damask” silksHQ of Saladin, Sultan of Egypt and Syria during 3rd Crusade Omayyad Mosque - At the heart of DamascusDamascus Site:On the banks of the Barada River in SW SyriaAncient city on S. bankModern suburbs on N. bankSituationEdge of Syrian DesertOn crossroads of TradeOldest trade routes followed a curve around Fertile Crescent Desert was E-W short-cutAlso on N-S trade routesJerusalem• Official capital of Israel• Religion gave importance• Two cities in one• Old City• 4


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