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Wright URS 2000 - Chapter 2 Cities of US & Canada

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Cities of the United States and CanadaPowerPoint PresentationSlide 3Slide 4Slide 5Slide 61. Highest and Best Use2. Urban Growth Machine3. Residential Homogeneity “Birds of a feather flock together”Slide 10Colonial Mercantilism (1700-1840)Major Urban Places 1830Early Industrial Capitalism (1840-1870)Major Urban Places 1870National Industrial Capitalism (1870-WWII)Major Urban Places 1920Urban Transportation SummarySlide 18Mature Industrial Capitalism (WWII-1975)Major Urban Places 1970Slide 21Slide 22Urban Land Use PatternsUS Metropolitan Statistical AreasPortlandDayton, OhioSlide 27Slide 28New YorkSlide 30Slide 31Cities of the United States and CanadaGrowth and Change in Urban SocietiesQuebec City, CanadaSource: www.rvc.org/f/ destinations.htmCities of U.S. and Canada• Total Population 352 million• Percent Urban Population 82%• Total Urban Population 289 million• No. of Megacities 2• No. of Millionaire Cities 48• 3 Largest Cities NY, LA, Chicago• World Cities 10 (see text)• Global Cities New YorkDemographics•One of the most urbanized regions•City reflects dominant era of growth•Shaped by “laissez-faire” capitalism •Availability of land allowed spread/sprawl of cities•Most cities less than 200 years old•City centers lost vibrancy, unlike Europe and non-western citiesKey Chapter Themes•New York has always dominated North America•Los Angeles now dominates the West Coast•But … smaller cities, like Dayton, form the real base and are more typical than New York or LA•US is a mix of land-use: multi-nuclei, growing suburbs, declining core•Canadian cities, like Toronto, have retained their downtown vibrancyKey Chapter ThemesToronto, Canada, from CN TowerSource: Feldmann etal, Human Geography, McGraw-Hill, 10th ed.2008South Manhattan, New York City from Brooklyn1. Highest and Best Use2. The Urban Growth Machine3. Residential Homogeneity4. Immigration5. TransportationDriving Forces in City Growth1. Highest and Best Use“The business of America is business” •‘Highest and best use” determines what goes where based on rent-paying potential•Explains dominance of high rise office towers, hotels, dept. stores and other specialized buildings in the downtownsDriving Forces in City Growth2. Urban Growth Machine•Alliance of:–Big Business–City Government–Real Estate Developers–NewspapersDriving Forces in City Growth“The movers and shakers”City leaders planning for the future of our city3. Residential Homogeneity“Birds of a feather flock together”•Residential neighborhoods tend to have fairly homogeneous populations based upon:–Household Income–Family Status–Race–Ethnicity •Causes:–Free choice–Ability to pay–Housing needs–Plat development–“Segregation”–ZoningDriving Forces in City Growth•Colonial Mercantilism (1700-1840)•Early Industrial Capitalism (1840-1870)•National Industrial Capitalism (1870-WWII)•Mature Industrial Capitalism (WWII-1970)•Postindustrial Capitalism (1970-present)Epochs of City GrowthColonial Mercantilism (1700-1840)•On/accessible to Atlantic•Commercial centers, trading with Europe–Examples: NY, Boston, Philly, Montreal and Quebec•Little Industry•Live, work in samedistrict•Walking citiesEpochs of City GrowthMajor Urban Places 1830Epochs of City GrowthEarly Industrial Capitalism (1840-1870)•Industrial Revolution–Growth driven by immigration –Steam engine•Transportation impacts–Rivers and canals–Railroads•Interior cities began to rise–Chicago, Cinci, St. Louis, New Orleans•Grow of specialized areas–Warehouses–Industrial Districts Epochs of City GrowthMajor Urban Places 1870Epochs of City GrowthNational Industrial Capitalism (1870-WWII)•New York City bid with London for world’s largest city•Huge immigration from Europe•Coasts linked by transcontinental railroad •CBD became dominant•Streetcar Suburbs•Southern African-Americans migrated to northern cities–Ghettos developedSource: Rickie Lee JonesEpochs of City GrowthMajor Urban Places 1920Epochs of City GrowthUrban Transportation SummaryInterurban, Philadelphia Horse-drawn OmnibusSteam-powered StreetcarEarly Streetcar (German example)1920 Restored Streetcar, TorontoCable Car, San FranciscoEpochs of City GrowthUrban Transportation SummaryStreetcar NYC Subway SystemChicago Elevated RailroadToronto GO Commuter RailEpochs of City GrowthMature Industrial Capitalism (WWII-1975)•Automotive Age & Suburbanization–GI Bill and Levittown–Federal Financing of Transportation•Urban renewal–Failed experimentEpochs of City GrowthLevittown, PA circa 1950Source: http://nytimes“The Projects” - Robert Taylor Homes, ChicagoMajor Urban Places 1970Mature Industrial CapitalismEpochs of City GrowthPost Industrial CapitalismRustbelt to SunbeltEpochs of City GrowthDallas, Texas: American Airlines hub city•Decline of Manufacturing Belt•Massive job and population losses•Growth of Sunbelt–Headquarter cities: Atlanta, Houston etc.–Galactic cities: Phoenix, Vegas etc.•Decentralization•Influence of AirlinesPost Industrial CapitalismDecline of Ohio Cities (& Detroit)City 1960 2010 ChangeAkron 290,351 199,110 -31.4%Canton 113,631 73,007 -35.8%Cleveland 876,050 396,815 -54.7%Cincinnati 502,550 296,943 -40.9%Columbus 471,316 787,033 +67.0%Dayton 262,332 141,527 -46.1%Toledo 318,003 287,208 -0.97%Youngstown 166,689 66,982 -59.8%Detroit 1,670,000 713,000 -57.3%Epochs of City GrowthUrban Land Use PatternsModern Urban Structure•Land Use in North American Cities–Central Business District (CBD)–Fringe (Warehousing/Light Mfg)–Inner City–Inner Suburbs–Middle Suburban Ring–Outer Suburbs–Edge Cities •Land use reflects the 3 models of the city:–Concentric zone–Sector–Multiple NucleiUS Metropolitan Statistical Areas•An MSA is defined as a county which contains a city (or census defined urbanized area) of at least 50,000 people, and results in a metropolitan area of at least 100,000•In addition to the county containing the central city, an MSA may include other contiguous counties with at least ½ their population in the urbanized area •Canada has a similar system, Canadian Metropolitan Areas (CMAs)Modern Urban StructureSt. Louis: City, Urbanized Area, and MSAPortlandUrban growth boundariesModern public transportationCitizen involvementModern streetcars in PortlandSustainable CitiesUrban growth boundaries, Portland urban regionDayton, OhioFounded


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