GENE 301 1nd EditionFinal ExamSix loci defined by using micro-arrays…8 or more of the alleles at these six loci are of the ‘contributing’ variety. An upper case letter indicates an allele contributing to the occurrence of PRA, and lower case letter indicates a non-contributing allele. If the following genotypes of a male and female (respectively are crossed, what is the probability the first offspring will have PRA (8 or more contributing alleles)? Assume all loci are autosomal and independent from each other.AaBbccDDEeFf and AABbCCDdeeff8-3= 5 or more6 Heterozygotes being the top number6 !6 ! 0!(12)6(12)0+6 !5 !1!(12)5(12)1The height of the seed head in wheat is determined by polgenic loci. The shortest known is just 9in while the tallest 33in. A 9 in is crossed to a 33 in. The F1 plants are 21in. The F1 is inbred. A range of plants from 9in to 33in is produced. In the F2 9in comprise 1/256 of the plants, 33in comprise 1/256 plants. How many different loci are involved in seed heights?14n=1256n=4What is the contribution per allele?range2 N=33−98=3 inchesThe large and small ribosome subunits are brought together: At a start sequence on the mRNABoth apricot colored eyes and tan colored eyes are recessive. A tan-eyed fly is crossed to apricot.The resulting F1 all had apricot eyes. F2 had ratio of 3:1, apricot to tan. Apricot and tan are: Alleles of one locusPetau’s syndrome is an XYY chromosome constitution with 47 chromosomes. The syndrome is caused by non-disjunction of the chromosomes during meiosis. In which sex and in which division did this non-disjunction occur in chromosomally normal parents to produce this syndrome? Male, secondSome chemicals that are not mutagens nevertheless increase the freq of cancer. They are called promoters of cancer. Alcohol is one of these. Why do such chemicals increase the chance of cancer? They cause cells to initiate the division cycle. The phenotypic sex of an XO individual in Drosophila and an X/O individual in humans are: Not the sameAntisense double stranded RNA sequences affect gene expression by: inhibiting the translationof specific messages. Why is radium of great concern to those with radiation safety? It breaks down into radon which contaminates both air and water supplies. It is often carelessly discarded and left as waste material after uranium mining. Cementa dn masonry used for housing construction often contain radium. Radon is a powerful emitter of alpha, betta and gamma radiation. If you wanted to make human vasopressin (a blood pressure regulating peptide) in bacteria, which of the following would be the BEST source of a gene seq. to be transferred to the bacteria so that it can make active vasopressin from it? Obtain mRNA specific for vasopressin, then make DNA complementary to the message. By treating with mutagenic chemicals or radiation, it is usually possible to “reverse” or correct a mutant seq. What type of mutation would be required to correct a transition mutation? TransitionIf the product of using whole DNA and the PCR technique and using a labeled primer that binds ~80 different places in the genome and an unlabeled 4 base primer is then run on a gel, only one of the following statements about the bands produced is true: If you have a particular band, one or the other of your parents will have it. When crossovers occur on chromosomes during meiosis, what is the property of the chromosomemechanism that assures that the crossover will occur at exactly the same place on each of the twohomologous chromatids, thus allowing a crossover to occur without loss or gain of genetic material from either chromatid? The base pairing of DNA utilizing hydrogen bonds in a heteroduplex is responsible for alignment In carnations Red pigment (RR) is incomplete dom to white (rr). Rr is pink. In random mating field 92 plants were red, 178 pink, 80 white. What is the best estimate of the allele frequency for the red allele in this pop? Total=350. 92 RR178 Rr divide by two to get the one allele = 8992+89350=0.517Two horses of the genotype WwOoBb are crossed. At what frequency is a brown painted horse expected? (W is homozygous lethal, O is homozygous lethal, B is dom brown, the dominant at the white locus masks paint phenotype which is the O).Ww is 2/4 but becomes 2/3ww is ¼ but becomes 1/3WW is ¼ but is lethal so it is crossed off changing the other fractions. The same applies to OO. Also since W masks paint we want ww13∗23∗34A certain recessive allele “a” exists in the population at a frequency of 0.6. The dom allele has a gene freq of 0.4. A breeder decides to select against the recessive trait and is moderately successful at doing so (W22=0.3). What will be the allele frequency of the recessive after one generation of slection?q'=q2(w 22)+ pq (w 12)p2(w 11)+2 pq(w 12)+q2(w 22) = .62(.3)+(.6(.4)).42+2( .6(.4))+.62(.3)In one fishing village the allele freq of webbed feed it 0.15. This dom. Trait causes affected individuals to have extra skin between each of their toes. Assume the village is the entire breeding pop and that the pop is in Hardy-Weinberg equil. What is the freq of individuals in this village that have webbed feet?p=.15 q=.85p2+2 pq .0225+2(.15)(.85)= .2775Definitions Walking DNA- this process uses segments of one DNA library to identify adjacent segments in another DNA libraryTaq- this is an enzyme similar to E. coli DNa polymerase-1 but capable of withstanding boiling temperaturesMicrohumans-Micro-arrays- utilize a property of DNA which involves the hybridization or stickiness of DNA to its complement. SNPs can most often by detected by this technique.PCR- a quick way to amplify a small segment of DNA; relies on TaqSOS- error proneNitro-cellulose- used to absorb the single stranded DNA eluted from a DNA electrophoresis gel in a southern blot.Southern blot- this technique is used to transfer the DNA from an electrophoretic gel to a (nitrocellulose) membraneFISH- method used to determine the location of a DNA segment on a chromosomeRecombinant DNA- when bacterial plasmid DNA is joined to human DNA, this is the resulting DNARNA polymerase- enzyme that binds to the promoter sitePCR fingerprint- chosen labeled primer and return primer influence results. A primer that binds many different places in the genome produces many different bands on an electrophoresis gel, many different “fingerprints” can be made by varying the secondary primer.Photolyase- one type of DNA repair of