Psychology of WomenLecture Notes: 10/9/14Names to Know: Exam 2● Eagly● Condry and Condry● Tannen● Weitzman● Faludi● RubinStereotypes about Women and Work● Stereotype: A minority of women are employed○ 70% of US women are employed (women between ages of 25 and 54)○ Women are 47% of the labor force● Stereotype: Women just work for a little extra money, a “second” income○ Many women are the sole support of their family; 18% of US families are female-headed○ Women’s earnings contribute substantially to family income even in dual-earner couples○ 27% of women earn more than their husbands in heterosexual households○ Economic necessity; reason why women hold jobs outside the home● Stereotype: A woman who works hard and is qualified can get ahead as well as a man○ Wage gap: women earn 80 cents for every dollar that men earn (for full-time, year-round workers)○ Glass ceiling (continued later)Sex Discrimination in the Workplace● Discrimination in the evaluation of women’s work○ Laboratory analog studies: John McKay vs. Joan McKay■ Both write essays; essay rated as less good when written by Joan, even though the essays are identical○ Later contradictory studiesMeta-analysis of bias in evaluations of women’s work● 106 studies● Overall, d = -.07○ Women were rated a little bit lower○ Not a big difference● Bias larger in some contexts○ Employment application d = -.25○ When little information is available■ Little info d = -.38■ More info d = -.08Pay Equity● US women earn 80 cents for each $1 men earn○ Gap has only closed slowly over years● If the problem is gender segregation in occupations, equal pay for equal work doesn’t work● Solution: Comparable Worth○ Equal pay for comparable (not necessarily identical) jobs■ Comparable in terms of duties, education requirements, supervisory requirements, etc.Why the wage gap?● Reason #1: Gender segregation of occupations○ The majority of jobs are held 90% or more by 11 sex and predominantly male occupations are paid more○ Table 9.3, pg 198● Table 9.4, pg 200○ Areas of most progress in gender integration● Reason #2: Women’s family responsibilities○ More household, child care responsibilities○ Career interruptions○ Can’t work 80-90 hour work weeks○ Women feeling limited in how much they can travel when they have children● Reason #3: Entitlement (Brenda Major)○ Men feel entitled to more pay than women do ● Reason #4: Implicit Attitudes○ IAT○ Automatic association between “rich” and “man”Discrimination in Promotion● Once women are hired, are they then given promotions equitably?● Glass ceiling: artificial barriers in organizations that prevent women (and ethnic minorities) from rising based on their abilities● Alternative: A LabyrinthWisconsin Task Force on the Glass Ceiling● Survey of women managers in Wisconsin● “Is there a glass ceiling in your company?”● Pilot data● “Is there a glass ceiling at your current or previous employer?”○ 58% yes○ 80% said the glass ceiling was an important reason for leaving■ Move to a more hospitable company■ Start their own business, often competing with previous employer○ Women’s resistanceWomen and Leadership● Leadership is stereotyped as masculine. Can women be successful leaders?● Leadership effectiveness - meta-analysis○ d = +0.05 subjective measures■ Supervisor ratings○ d = -.0.02 objective measures■ Can a certain leader get a group to do a certain amount of work?● Are people biased in their evaluation of women leaders?○ d = 0.05○ d = 0.30 for women with an autocratic style■ As opposed to democratic style■ Tolerated much more in men ● New research: corporation with women CEOs perform better than other corporationsWork and Family Issues● Theoretical views○ Scarcity hypothesis: humans have a fixed amount of energy, so adding a role increases stress, leads to negative consequences for mental and physical health ○ Expansionist hypothesis: energy resources are not limited, multiple roles are good for mental health● Expansionist: Why are there benefits to multiple roles?○ More sources of social support○ More opportunities to experience successes○ Buffers against disappointments in one role○ But..depends on role quality: happy marriage, satisfying workA hidden benefit to dual-earner couples: More economic stability in a recession● If one spouse is laid off, then there is still income coming into the family from the other spouseWork and Family: Parental Leave● Parental leave- a leave from work at the time of birth or adoption of a child○ Applies equally to mothers and fathers○ 1989- the US was the only industrialized nation not to have a national parental leave policy○ 1993- President Clinton signed into law the Family and Medical Leave ActFamily and Medical Leave Act (FMLA)● Guarantees○ 12 weeks job-guaranteed (unpaid) leave○ Employers are free to be more generous- like the minimum wage○ Small business (<50 employees) are excluded● Important next steps○ Income replacement○ California has such legislation, and