Psychological DisordersWhat defines a psychological disorder—baron- maladaptive, distress, abnormal. Interferes w/daily life.DSM-5 – categorizes all the disorders. Criticisms, gives a label to disorders, political disagreements, categorizes every day things as a disorder (caffeine)Rosenham Study—faked schizo and were released w “recovering”. Mood disordersMajor Depression- decreased left frontal activity. low sero and low norepinephrine—SSRI’s (PROZAC) and SNRI’s. MAO inhibitors (breaks down enzymes for serotnine and noRep) (no wine and cheese)… tricyclics (3 different things, DA, HT-5, NeRep), occurs more in women, 2 weeks consistently, 1/5 people have major depression. Cognitive treatments: less likely to relapse. Abrahmson- Learned Helplessness model- internal stable global Beck’s cognitive triad- self, world, future—negative views—Beck uses more support/therapy to explain. Albert Ellis- Rational Emotive Theory—pointing out how stupid the client is—ActivatingBelieftsConsequences. Lehwinsohns Reinforcement Theory- Failure to get reinforcement from the world. Bipolar Disorder- depression lasts longer than mania. Treated by lithium (need enough but too much is bad). Stuck on it. Depressions- Low HT-5 and low norepinephrine. Decreased left frontal activity. Mania- Low HT-5 and high norepinephrine 89% reoccur. No gender difference. HIGHEST INHERITABLE DISEASE. Suicide- 450,000-900,000 attempt… 38,000 completions. Women attempt more and men complete more (more lethal ways). 25% are drunk. 70% had alcohol recently. Increase in #’s in elderly. 10th most common causes of death, 3rd most common way for kids. 50% of college students have thought about it. 10% attempt.People talk about it which is bad. People do it even if they don’t want to die- but they see it as their only way of escape. Other disorders (other than depressions) also do it (terminal illness). Risk may increase with improvement in mood. 2 reasons people commit suicide---surcease- death as only answermanipulation- prove a point. ManiaSchizophrenia- inconsistent w thoughts actions and behaviors. Freud= oral stage. Antipsychotic drugs. Usedto be prefrontal lobotomy—muniz (nobel prize). Too much dopamine… drugs block reuptake of it. Positive symptoms: hallunincaitons and delusions… NEGAtive: speech, emotion (affect), socialness.Social drift hypoth: no matter what class, you’ll fall down. Lower in SES.More risk: older father, kids who were born in winter and north America, marijuana use (welch and semple), double blind communication with mom, hospitalized parent, Brain abnormalities: decreased activation in frontal areas of brain. Trouble filtering. Larger ventricles, overall smaller brain. Drugs block DA receptors… Limbic System had too much (+ symptmoms) and Frontal cortex had not enough DA (- sympt)Catatonic- movement ones Disorganized- no speech Paranoia: hallucinations Undiferentiated- com of 3 Residual- recovering Anxiety disorders- stuck in anal stage. More common in women. Disorders in general behavioral therapiesPanic- out of the bluePhobic- reason scared of specific. They know there’s more fear than rational. Displacing- put on horse instead of dad when its really dad. Can be LearnedObsessive Compulsive Disorder- 3% of population. Systematic desensitization- wolpe. Flooding. Social learning. DRUGS- benzodiazapines and SSRI’s. Anorexia Nervosa- super skinny. Least common but deadliest. Restricting and purgingBulimia Nervosa- normal weights with binge eatPuringingNon purging- ate buffet on Friday and then didn’t eat rest of week. Binge Eating DiroserCloser in gender. More and more common. Note. for all these disorders you should know prominent symptoms, causes/possible causes where discussed in class, and have some sense of incidence rates, though not exactYou don't need to know conversion or somatoform disorders, dissociatitve disorders, disorders of childhood, or personality disordersTreatmentTypes of PsychotherapiesPsychoanalysis and Psychodynamic therapiesBehavior therapiesHumanistic therapiesSigmund Freud- Carl Rogers- humanistic therapies. Client centered approach. Aaron Beck- Beck’s cognitive therapies and triad. Negative views of world, self, and future. Albert Ellis- Rational Emotive Theory. Tells patient how stupid they are. Activating, Beliefs, Consequences. Abrahamsons learned helplessness model—dogs cognitive therapiesrational emotive therapy- albert ellis. ABC. drug therapy - know the differences between classes of psychiatric medications, e.g., SSRI vs MAOI, but you don't need to be able to distinguish between Prozac and Zoloftelectroshockpsychosurgerymanaged careIs therapy effective?You won't be tested on Gestalt, Group, Couple or Family TherapySocial PsychologyCognitive dissonance- inconsistent with your beliefs and actions. Festinger and Carlsmith. Primacy Effect- Solomon Asch- positive things listed first. First impressions. Self Fulfilling Prophecy- You think someone is bitchy so you approach them bitchy. Social comparison- we compare how we’re doing based on how others. Conformity- we wanna go along with group/norm. Line test. Asch. Compliance- doing what others ask. Not authority. Low ball- low cost and then talk about other fees. Foot in door…. Door in face. That’s not all!- free stuff. Resiprocity- giving for free… now don’t you wanna donate? Scarcity—fast approaching deadline. only 15th minutes left. Hard to GetJustification—giving reason for success.attribution- consensus (what others are doing), consistency (how they act across time), and distinctiveness (other situations). Self-serving bias- success is internal, failures are external. Fundamental attribution error- Actor-Observer… sidewalk tripping. People think other people are stupid when they fail and that the situation is stupid when we fail. Asch- primacy effect. Obedience- following peoples orders- now from an authority figure. More likely to follow them ifthey’re in a white lab coat, standing in the room, Milgram's studies- shocking people. Prosocial behavior, i.e. AltruismSocial Facilitation/Social LoafingBystander effectLove and attractionFactors influencing attractionRomantic loveGroup ProcessesYou don't need to know aggression*Note that this list may not be