48% (an underestimate) of population will have a psychological disorder sometime in their life.25% a year (see below)We tend to think about groups/statistics, not real people (which we should be).Younger adults and children are showing higher rates than 48% would suggest.What is a psychological disorder?Barron- Thought and behavior that are maladaptive and cause problems in individuals daily functioning. Cause them distress.Abnormal- deviates from norm (lefties, PhD’s)Maladaptive- behavior is disruptive (better explanation than abnormal. But not everyone w/ disorder meets that criteria)Personal Distress- Nothing fun. Don’t WANT it.Combination of three factors make up a good definition of psychological disorders. Subjective aspects here.1 Year prevalence Rates:26.2% of adults suffer from a diagnosable disorder each year.Many people suffer and go untreatable, or as a part of uncollected data21% of Children suffer from a diagnosable disorder each yearComorbidity is more than one disorder at the same time (common)Explaining Psychological Disorders:(CLICKER QUESTION) Why do people develop psychological disorders? Chemical imbalances, environmental factors, genetics, early childhood experiences, distorted thought processes. (They all interact together)Biological ApproachAbnormal behavior results from physical dysfunction. See’s it as illness.Chemical imbalancesOver/Under activation, distorted thoughtsGeneticsPsychological Explanations:Result of past and present life experiencesPsychodynamic- intrapsychic conflict (freud, ig/superego/ego)Behavioral- abnormal behavior is learnedCognitive- distorted thinking (Ppl w/ depression feel hopeless, they can’t succeed, that thinking leads to depression)Sociocultural Explanations:Disorders occur within the context of societyThere’s a contribution of society and culture into development of disorders. Never saw them in western culture until recently.EX: Eating Disorders. Society influences it. America’s high standards.Pibloktoq- Brief psychotic disorder seen in populations in artic circle. Brief excitement, eat poop, tear off clothes, seizures. Recover after 12-24 hours, don’t remember any.Koro- Seen in pop of south east asia. Hysterical. People concered genitals are retracting into body, leading to deathEngaging in masturbation or eating tainted food to PULL genitals back out of body.Different cultures do diff things. Some cultures, adolescents go by themselves in their rooms and don’t go by people, some (U.S) rebel against parents. All need care, just show it in different ways.Gender. Some disorders are more common in women and some in men. (These vary by culture)Incidence Rates of Common Psychological DisordersTypes of disorder Men WomenAnxiety 19% 31%Depression 15% 24%Substance Abuse 35% 18%Schizophrenia 0.6% 0.8%Antisocial Personality 6% 1%Women- (encouraged to have and talk about feelings)Anxiety, DepressionMen- (encouraged not to talk about feelings, gay, turn to substances)Substance Abuse, Antisocial Personality, higher suicide rateDifferences in Power. Women have to worry about threats to safety in ways that men don’t. Women more likely to be targets of assult and violence.Mental Illness as a Myth- What causes it??Thomas Szaz- problems in living not mental illness. A way to label people we don’t wanna think about. If someone is crazy it’s easier to ignore them. Also when we use a diagnostic label, we’re taking power and responsibility away from them. Gives us a convenient way to get out of things. Need experts to help change behavior, can’t do it themselves.Interactionist ApproachNo single cause. Can’t reduce abnormal or normal behavior. There’s multiple forces, all work together Forces:Diathesis- stress model, we all have a tendency or risk towards disorders, but we need some sort of environmental event for it to manifest itself.Biopsycholosocial Model- Biological, psychological, and social disorders. Combination of them. Our experiences change biological structure, change neurochemicals, change the way we think/interact with the world. Each of the 3 influence each other.*Changing the way we think about the world can impact the severity of disorder and its symptoms, or even if it’s there at all!*Treating Psychological Disorders: Treatment’s based on understanding of disorder. Biological disorder? Biological treatment. Psychological disorder? Psychological treatment.Trephining- Skull’s w/ holes in them. Used to treat psychological disorders. Due to evil forces trapped in people’s head. Holes were exits for evil spirits. Ancient times.Greeks believed in 4 juices, an imbalance in them produces disorderBeating the Devil out of them. Dark AgesSt. Mary’s of Bethlehem- Renaissance! Beginning of insane asylum. Throw in prison until they get better.Phillipe Pinel- Moral therapy movement- treat people kindly to help get better. Unchaining the inmates of asylum. Pinel believed in kindness and giving them decent work and talking about problems. Major advance!*Clicker Question: Which theory explains Britney Spears shaving her head? Socio-Cultural Explanations (her fame is under a lot of pressure from fans and press)*We can look at behavior and roles and dimensions and environment to help diagnose.*Clicker Question: What percentage of population has diagnosable psychological disorder at some point in their life? 45%... Adults 26%... Children 21%...*Biomedical/Biological TherapiesAll because of biological problems. Do something in/to brain to treatPsychosurgery- removing part of brain associated with disorderPrefrontal lobotomy- schizophrenia solution (bad choice)Destroying small part of cortex- Used for extreme OCDHM’s surgery to treat epilepsyElectroconvulsive Therapy- Alter brain activation through electricity current. Trying to change patterns of brain activation. DepressionDrug Therapies- Medication to alter behavior. Most common!Drugs alleviate symptoms but DON’T CURE DISORDER.Nature of PsychotherapyPsychotherapy- a form of treatment where trained professionals use psychological techniques to help ppl in need.Insight Therapy- Gain understanding of disorder/causes. Where thinking has gone wrong.Behavior Therapy- John Watson advocated for behavioral psych, behavioral therapy is not interested in WHY, just interested in changing the way you act in the world. Simply change actions. Teach to engage in other behaviors to get over disorder.Some therapists stick to one approach, many use Eclectic Techniques-