SOCI 1010 1st EditionFinal Exam Study GuidePreviously tested material Terms to know:Personal trouble: private, attributing a problem to the person (example: unemployment- laziness, not following policies, etc.)public issue: public, attributing a problem to something outside the person (example: unemployment- budget cuts, etc.)race: system of socially created categories based upon superficially biologically transmitted characteristicsi. Example: skin color, hair texture, eye shape, nose shapeEthnicity: Socially created by cultural heritageii. Example: religion, food, traditions (not physical)minority group: category of people distinguished by physical or cultural traits who are socially disadvantageddominant group: racial or ethnic category that is socially advantagedprejudice: a rigid and irrational generalization about an entire category of peopleindividual discrimination: the differential treatment of one person by anotherinstitutional discrimination: when discrimination permeates some institution or pattern of societywhite/dominant privilegesex: physical characteristics (ex. penis, vagina, chromosomes, testosterone levels, etc.)gender: socially created differences between men and women (ex. hairstyle, clothing, cosmetics, style ofearrings, etc.)sexual orientation: having to do with sexual, emotional and romantic attractions **not the same as gender** often mistaken for a cuegender identity: “who am i?” has nothing to do with society. Who you see yourself as. May or may not match your sexintersexual: those born with ambiguous or unclear genitalia What is sociology? i. Sociology is both an academic discipline and a unique perspective through whichto view the world. It’s not about what sociologists study, but how they study it. What are the three characteristics of sociology as an academic discipline? i. Human behaviors and interactionsii. Patterns of behavior 1. Once behavior becomes patterns, it shapes societyiii. Focuses on categories of people2. Looking at how experiences vary by categoryWhat is the sociological imagination/perspective? i. A level of self-consciousness and awareness of the relationship between personal experience and societyHow are society and the individual connected? You should be able to explain what makes each of the readings on the study guide sociological.i. Society and the individual are inter-connected. There is a reciprocal relationship between the two. Society affects the individual, but individuals contribute to what society is.What makes sociology “threatening,” according to the article Who’s Afraid of Sociology? In other words, why are people “afraid” of sociology?i. Inconvenient factsii. Somethings what you find is not the same as what you have always believed to be true or what you want to believeWhat five factors make up a person’s class?1. Income- money that comes in or is earned within a year (salary, wages, child support, disability, etc.)2. Wealth- more uneven than income, accumulates over generations3. Occupational Prestige- people more willing to share what they do – based on their status – actual scales on prestige of job – an occupation may be high in prestige but low in income4. Education- degrees earned, not years of education5. Power- ability to be able to influence someone’s behavior or get someone to do something they wouldn’t normally doHow are income and wealth distributed in the United States? - What are the links between housing policy, both past and present, and the acquisition of wealth among white and black Americans according to the film The House We Live In and the article Race, Homeownership, & Wealth? - The housing policy effected the acquisition of wealth in the past as well as in the present. - Past: After 1930s, the Federal Housing Administration created affordable ways for people to have housing. They made it so that you would put down 10-20% and the bank financed 80% of itover 10 year at relatively low rates. A suburbia called Levittown was created out of a potato farm. Whereas apartments were very expensive monthly-$100/month- mortgage payments in Levittown were about $65/month. Levittown quickly filled with all-white residents. FHA underwriters warned that the presence of even just 1 or 2 non-white families in an all-white neighborhood could undermine real estate values in the new suburbs; these government guidelines were widely adopted. The government evaluated different parts of city and rated them. An all white neighborhood would be labeled green, minority neighborhoods were red-lined. Banks would give most loans were to white neighborhoods. Because they were red-lined, non-whites were unable to get a loan form the bank. Most blacks and other minorities had to depend on public housing. - After 1968: After 1968, red-lining was no longer legal. Non-whites began to move into mostly white-neighborhoods. Within two years, it was predominantly black. Blockbusting – real estate agents would scare white people out of the homes by saying that they would lose value on their home because of the black neighbors, the real estate agents would then sell the homes to non-whites for an inflated price.- Majority of Americans hold most of their wealth in home equity- Obviously, in the 1930s, blacks and other minorities were denied loans and therefore were unable to own a home. Because they could not have this home equity, it was harder for them to acquire wealth. This was passed on from generation to generation and still effects and acquisition of wealth between whites and blacks today. Even when making the same income, whites have 2x the wealth of a black family. This is the legacy of racial inequality in the housing policy. You need to be able to explain Lorber’s theory of gender socialization found in The Social Construction of Gender, including the four steps of socialization.1. assigned to a category (genitalia assigned by doctor)2. gender made visible (gender markers – bows, clothes, colors, names)3. treated differently by others based on category which has been made available by gender markers4. take on different roles/responsibilities (women clean dishes, men open doors, etc.)What does Hill-Collins mean by the term “interlocking dimensions of oppression?” - Wants people to look at race, gender and social class as always there. Experiences are shaped by all factors, even if one is more salient (or visible)Why is viewing race, gender, and social class as either/or categories