American JourneyChapter 2: Transplantation and Adaptation 1600-1685- Richard Frethorne went across Atlantic to find new colony of Virginiao Ended up finding sickness and starvationo Under contract to work for Virginia Company- Colonization offered opportunities for advancemento Frequently led to sickness, suffering, and danger- Virginia was England’s first permanent colonyo Frethorne thought in 1623 it was a teetering on the brink of disaster2.1- The French in North America- King Henry IV restored civil order in France, after religious warfare between Catholics and Protestants interrupted Frances efforts to establish foothold in North America.The Quest for Furs and Converts- Furs joined fish as a source of wealth, and a reason for French Explorers and entrepreneurs to establish the colony of North France- 1608: Samuel de Champlain led an expedition up the St. Lawrence River to find permanent settlement in Quebec. o Eventually joined with Trois-Rivieres (1634) and Montreal (1642)- Fur trade was a partnership between Europeans and Indianso Led to marital ties as French traders took Indian wiveso Happened mainly among “Coureurs de Bois”: Wood-Runners, Independent fur traders in New France.- 1630’s: Members of Catholic religious order (Jesuit Missionaries) tried to convince Indians to come to the French settlements to hear Christian preaching’so This tactic failed, Jesuits traveled to native villages and learned native languages, bringing Christianity directly to themThe Development of New France- Indentured Servants: An individual- usually male but occasionally female- who contracted to serve a master for a period of four to seven years in return for payment the servants passage to America. Indentured servitude was the primary labor system in the Chesapeake colonies for most of the seventeenth century.- 1670- French traders and missionary reached Mississippi River- 1681-82: Rene-Robert Cavelier claimed from Mississippi to Gulf of Mexico and named it Louisiana.2.2- The Dutch Overseas Empire- Desire for profit drove Dutch quest for coloniesThe Dutch East India Company- 1600: The Dutch merged as the leading economic power in Europeo Earned wealth from manufacturing goods (textiles jewelry, and glass)- Dutch East India Company was the instrument to Colonial dominance and was founded in 1602.o Created company that established slave-trade posts on the Gold Coast of West AfricaThe West India Company and New Netherland- The Dutch then set their sights on America by creating the West India Company in 1621- First permanent Dutch settlers arrived in 1624 to set up a fur trading post- Iroquois traded fur in exchange for European tools and weapons- Dispatched aggressive governors who made unstable situations worse by provoking conflict with the Indians2.3- English Settlement in Chesapeake- 20 years passed before the English tried to settle in America again- 1607- New Settlement of Jamestown… turned into Virginia- Very successful due to tobaccoThe Ordeal of Early Virginia- 1606: Charter created incorporating 2 companies to attempt New World settelment- London/Virginia Company and the Plymouth Company- These joint stock companies sold shares to investors (who expected profit in return) to raise money for colonization- Joint Stock Company: business enterprise in which a group of stockholders pooled their money to engage in trade or to fund colonizing expeditions. JointStock companies participated in the founding of the Virginia, Plymouth, and Massachusetts Bay colonies.- The Jamestown Colony:o May 1607- 104 settlers o Spent all their time looking for riches resulting in them not planting crops, and their food supplies dwindledo By January 1608 only 38 colonists were still aliveo Governing council turned to John Smith He imposed military discipline on Jamestown If you don’t work, you don’t eat Injured by gunpowder explosion, went back to Europe, and his enemies replaced him as leadero Once again colony fell apart. Of the 500 people in autumn 1609, only 60 remained in spring 1610o 1616: Company instituted the Headright System: A system of land distribution during the early colonial era that granted settlers 50 acresfor each “head” they brought to the colony.o 1619: Company transported women to be wives to planters, first Africans arrived, and first legislative body in English America (House of Burgesses) was createdo House of Burgesses: The legislature of colonial Virginia. First organized in 1619, it was the first institution of representative government in the English colonieso Expansion of English settlement caused tension with Indians due to their land being intruded.- The Powhatan Confederacy and the Colonistso 1607: English arrived and settled on territory ruled by powerful lndian leader Powhatan.o War with Indians continued unti l1614o John Rolfe and Pocahontas (Powhatans daughter) got married which helped deal the peace in 1614.o Powhatan died in 1618 and his brother Opechancanough succeeded him as chiefo He retaliated against the settlers. Early morning March 22, 1622, hundred of Indians sneak attacked the settlers killing 347 by the end of the day… This war lasted 9 yearso The attack failed to restrain the colonists, but it destroyed the Virginia Companyo Royal Commission investigated the attack and found out that 10 times more people died from ssideases of starvation than the attacko King James dissolved the company in 1624…. And he then chose the colony’s governor and council, and royal advisers monitiored its affairs.The importance of