Treatment for Psychological DisordersClients: Who Seeks Therapy?PowerPoint PresentationWho Provides Treatment?Insight-Oriented Therapies: Psychodynamic therapyHumanistic approaches: Client-Centered TherapyFig143Humanistic Approaches: Client-Centered TherapyImportant ingredients of insight therapiesBehavioral Therapies (cousin to CBT)Behavioral Therapies based on classical conditioningFigure 14.6 Example of an anxiety hierarchy. Systematic desensitization requires the construction of an anxiety hierarchy like the one shown here, which was developed for a woman who had a fear of heights but wanted to go hiking in the mountains. Source: Rudestam, K. E. (1980). Methods of self-change: An ABC primer. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. Copyright © 1980 by Wadsworth Publishing. Reprinted by permission of the author.Slide 13Behavior Therapy techniques based on operant conditioningSocial Skills TrainingCognitive-Behavioral TherapiesFig151How You Think and Act Affects How You Feel, and How You Feel Affects how you Act and ThinkThe Cognitive-behavioral ModelThought RecordOther types of therapiesCommunity Mental Health MovementBiological ApproachesSlide 24InRev16bSlide 26Evaluating Psychotherapy: Empirically supported treatmentsEffectiveness of TherapiesSlide 29Multi-cultural sensitivityConfidentiality: When can it be broken?Treatment for Psychological DisordersDavid L. Penn, Ph.D.Psychology 101Clients: Who Seeks Therapy?•15% of U.S. population in a given year•Full range of human problems•Women more than men•Medical insurance•Education levelFigure 14.1 Therapy utilization ratesWho Provides Treatment?•Social Worker: 2 year masters degree: trained in therapy and case management. •Psychiatrist: M.D. and residency specialty in psychology . Prescribe medication •Psychologist: typically grad school 5 years for PhD. Trained in therapy and assessment. •All therapy is not the same…Insight-Oriented Therapies:Psychodynamic therapy•Goal is therapeutic insight and working through conflicts•Techniques:–Free association: talking without filter–Interpreting resistance: bring to clients attentions when the client is trying to resist therapy ex: change of topic –Dream analysis: latent content versus manifest content –Transference: patient plays out unresolved conflicts with others in a therapeutic situation ex: issues with father so they behave towards therapist as they act towards their father….Counter transference: The therapist acts towards the client as they would act to someone they know like them (unconscious behavior)Humanistic approaches: Client-Centered Therapy•Goal of therapy:–Help the individual eliminate the obstructions that stand in the way of “congruence” (i.e., a self-concept in line with the self).•Major elements of therapy–Therapeutic alliance–Unconditional positive regard–GenuinenessFig14355BASIC HUMAN NEEDSOTHERS' RESPONSESRESULTSELF GUIDESMENTAL HEALTHEFFECTSSelf-actualizationSelf = oughtsSelf = idealsAnxietyShameGuiltSadnessDisappointmentDepressionNeed forself-actualizationNeed forpositive regardUnconditionalpositive regardConditionalpositive regardSelf-discrepanciesHumanistic Approaches:Client-Centered Therapy•Assumptions:–Treatment is an encounter among equals–Clients will improve on their own, given the proper conditions–The client must be totally accepted and supported as a human being in therapy–Clients are responsible for choosing how they will think and act.Important ingredients of insight therapies•Common (non-specific) factors•Expectations and insightBehavioral Therapies (cousin to CBT)•Based on “Learning theory”: like operant conditioning and classical conditioning •Components of therapies:–Good therapeutic relationship: therapeutic alliance with therapist. Consequences: people stop coming –Listing of behaviors/thoughts to be changed: identify key behaviors that need to be changed. Helps keep tract of progress–Therapist as a “teacher”: teaching them a skill–Continuous monitoring and evaluation of treatment and problem behaviors.–Assessment orientedBehavioral Therapies based on classical conditioning•Exposure: exposure to what they’re afraid of and prevent them from escaping •Imaginal: think about what you’re afraid of in you’re mind •In vivo: exposure in real life –Elimination of avoidance; habituation•Systematic desensitization: exposing them in small steps paired with relaxation –Develop fear hierarchy–Teach relaxation response–Pair feared item with relaxation–Move up hierarchy•Aversion therapy: pairing a behavior you want to get rid of you pair it wit something aversive -ex: every time you smoke you get a shock-Limitation: it may not last -You not only want to get rid of the bad behavior but promote good behavior -Video: jimmy kimmel and lie detector with kidFigure 14.6 Example of an anxiety hierarchy. Systematic desensitization requires the construction of an anxiety hierarchy like the one shown here, which was developed for a woman who had a fear of heights but wanted to go hiking in the mountains.Source: Rudestam, K. E. (1980). Methods of self-change: An ABC primer. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. Copyright © 1980 by Wadsworth Publishing. Reprinted by permission of the author.Figure 14.6Figure 14.8 Aversion therapyBehavior Therapy techniques based on operant conditioning•Time out: time out from reinforcement removed from situation so you can’t get reinforced for your bad behavior•Token economy: giving rewards to people if they meet certain target behaviors ex: in mental hospitals they use to give cigs to people if they woke up before 8 and made it to their class. •Social skills training: usually for people who have impairments in social ability . Strategies that teach people how to interact more effectively ex:Social Skills Training•Describe skill: ex: starting convos•Model skill: demonstrate the skill•Role play: the patient tries and practice skill•Positive and corrective feedback: give feedback ex: next time give better eye contact •Home practice: outside therapy •Video: group social skills training: made up scenario about McDonalds and Burger KingCognitive-Behavioral Therapies•Basic assumption:–Thinking affects how we act and feel•Techniques–Monitoring of thoughts/behaviors–Modeling–Cognitive restructuring–Albert Ellis and GloriaFig15159Final exam night3-year-old son throwstantrumBoss does not give youraise"I'm stupid.""If I don't get