CHEM 102 1st Edition Lecture 21 Outline of Last Lecture I. Classify LipidsII. Fatty Acid StructureIII. Triacylglycerols and reactions of themIV. Hydrolyzable and Nonhydrolyzable LipidsV. Steroids, Eicosanoids, and VitaminsVI. Protein FunctionsVII. Amino AcidsVIII. Zwitterions and PeptidesIX. Acid sequence and constitutional isomersX. Types of proteins and their functionsXI. Effect of temperature on proteinsXII. Hydrolysis of proteinsOutline of Current Lecture I. Nucleotides- Naming and formationII. Base PairingIII. DNA and RNA structuresIV. Information flow from DNA to RNAThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.V. Replication, Transcription, and TranslationVI. Protein Synthesis Current LectureNucleotidesNucleotides- building blocks of nucleic acids. Made from phosphoric acid, a pentose sugar, and aheterocyclic nitrogen base*The pentose sugar is either ribose or deoxyribose**The base and sugar makes nucleotides different from one another*https://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Deoxyribose_vs_Ribose.gifTo tell if a nucleotides has ribose or deoxyribose, look at the H group on the second carbon on the pentose sugar. OH means it’s ribose, H means it is DeoxyriboseThere are 2 components of nucleotides:- Pyrimidines: Cytosine, Thymine( in DNA), and Uracil(in RNA)- Purines: Adenine and Guanine Formation of Nucleotides:Dehydration reactions between a Phosphoric Acid, Pentose Sugar and either a Pyrimidine or Purinehttp://img.sparknotes.com/figures/7/749a4182b7527e44d289a612e420f40c/nucleotide.gifNaming Nucleotides- The first word of the name indicates the sugar and base components. Replace the ending – osine with the ending –ine- With Pyrimidines change the base to Cytidine, Thymidine, and Uridine- When Deoxyribose is the sugar, add the prefix deoxy-- The second word of the name indicates the phosphate group on whichever number carbon it is on (5’-monophosphate)- Abbreviations- deoxy is a lower case d followed by the first letter of the base (A,C,T,U,G), and MP for 5’ monophosphate. EX. dAMP or DeoxyAdenine 5’ monophosphate Formation of Nucleic Acids*Formed by the dehydration of nucleotides* http://nutrition.jbpub.com/resources/images/images/0837-2_00_0537.gif- List the different nucleotides in order from top to bottom by name, they are in a 5’  3’ pattern meaning that the bonds are on the 5th and 3rd carbons- DNA forms a double helix structure from separate DNA strands which fold around eachother in opposite directions. One is in a 5’  3’ direction, the other is in a 3’  5’ direction so they can bond to each otherBase PairingBase pairing occurs by strong attractive forces between a base on one DNA strand with a base on another DNA strand. - Adenine pairs with Thymine ( 2 hydrogen bonds)- Cytosine pairs with Guanine (3 Hydrogen bonds)*DNA strands are huge with molecular masses estimated at a few billion to a hundred million**The genome-Total DNA sequence- is tightly packed and separated into the 46 chromosomes Chromosomes - DNA is folded around 2 pairs each of 4 proteins called HISTONES making a nucleosome core. These bunch together forming a chain of nucleosomes. The nucleosomes are tightly packed together into highly supercoiled Chromatin Fibers. The fibers wind themselves into Chromosomes. RNA- Single strand molecules, not a double helix- Several types of RNA: tRNA, mRNA, rRNA- RNA uses Uracil instead of Thymine and it pairs with AdenineInformation Flow from DNA to RNAI. DNA hold the genetic information through a sequence of specific amino acidsII. DNA replicates itself and makes RNA because DNA is too large to leave the nucleus, so it creates RNS to leave the nucleusReplication: strands of DNA unwind over a short span of 175 nucleotides forming a replication bubble/ replication fork. Each strand acts as a template strand on which ha new strand is formed. Transcription: synthesis of the different RNA strands and is carried out like replication but with initiation (AUG) and termination (UAG, UAA, UGA) steps. The RNA strand synthesized from DNA template strands has the same base sequences except the RNA uses U instead of T.Translation: rRNA, mRNA, and tRNA work together outside the nucleus at ribosomes to carry out the polypeptide synthesis. The genetic message that is carried by the mRNA is the sequence of bases specifying which amino acids will be used to make the protein. Each set of consecutive bases (base triplet) is called a CODON. These condons will base-pair to the three consecutive base sequence on tRNA (anticondons) *Know how to use the Codon assignments chart on page B141 in the