HIST 277A 1st EditionExam # 3 (Final Exams) Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 161- Who are the following individualsa- Harun al-Rashid – was an Abbasid caliph under whose rule Baghdad entered the Golden Age.b- Al-Ma’mun – was another Abbasid caliph who waged a civil war against his own brother to gain the seat of the caliphate. He was quite a controversial leader. He supported the Rationalists during the big controversy regarding how the Quran was created. The Rationalists believed that the Qur’an was not part of God, that it was created. Al-Ma’mun did not appoint his sons as successor, unlike his predecessors. He appointed a Shi’a Imam named Ali al-Ridda as his successor. c- Al-Ghazali – was a law professor at a law institution founded by Nizam al-Mulk. He was a scholar and author. His works talked about philosophy, theology, and arguments that refuted the teachings of Isma’ili. d- Nizamal-Mulk – was a wazir to the Seljuq sultan and founded the Islamic School of Law in Baghdad. He invited Arab scholars, including Al-Ghazali, to teach at his law school. Al-Mulk was assassinated by an Isma’ili secret organization. e- Al-Hakim – was the 6th Fatimid caliph and 16th Isma’ili Imam. He destroyed and burned the Church of Resurrection in Jerusalem. But he was also credited for the building of the House of Wisdom (Dar al-Hikam). f- Salah al-Din – established the Ayubbid Dynasty in Egypt after defeating and ending the Fatimid Dynasty. He eventually united Syria and Egypt, defeated the Crusaders, and took over Jerusalem. g- Al-Kamil – was the nephew of Saladin who eventually became the caliph of the Ayyubid dynasty. He ruled in Egypt and came into an agreement with an Italian Emperor, named Frederick II, to hand over Jerusalem to the Franks. One problem was Jerusalem was not under al-Kamil’s jurisdiction. h- Shajarat al-Durr – was the first female sultan to rule over a dynasty. Her husband was Ayyub, the son of al-Kamil. When he died, she took over and was helped by the Mamluk army. Even though they were rising up to power, the Mamluk let the Queen stayed in charge and worked behind the scene. When she took the throne, her namewas pronounced in the Friday prayers and a royal seal was designed under her name,Um Khalil. i- Pope Urban II – was a western Pope during the Crusade time that called for the liberation of Eastern churches and Jerusalem from the hands of “the heathens”. In brief, Urban II was the one who declared “holy war” against the Muslims. But in reality, his ulterior motive was to expand his control over to the east.j- Al-Ma’munide – was a Jewish scholar, philosopher, astronomer, and physician originated from Spain. Due to the Spanish Inquisition, he travelled to the Middle Eastwhere he eventually became Saladin’s personal physician. He died in Egypt. k- Tariq Ibn Ziyad – was a Berber from North Africa that led the first Muslim invasion of Spain. He eventually established the Umayyad Caliphate there. The region of this Islamic state was called Andalusia or al-Andus, located in the southeastern part of Spain. l- Abd al-Rahman I – was the remaining Umayyad survivalist during the rise of the Abbasid Caliphate. He escaped prosecution by the Abbasid to Tunisia. He eventually went to Andalusia but was followed by the Abbasid army. In the end, al-Rahman I successfully defeated the Abbasid and became an Ummayad caliph in Andalusia. He built the capital Cordova. m- Abd al-Rahman III – an Umayyad that ruled in Spain. He announced himself as a caliph due to the threat that came from the Fatimid. Under his rule, the Muslims in Spain reached their zenith. 2- What did the Abbasid claim at the beginning to rally people around them? The Abbasid claimed that the Umayyads were godless people unsuitable to rule and thatthey, the Abbasids, were the descendants of the prophet giving them the right to rightfully take over the caliphate. 3- Name 5 Abbasid Caliphs.First is al-Safah who was the first caliph of the Abbasid Dynasty. He defeated the Umayyads with the help of Abu Muslim, a Khurazan governor. Second is al-Mansur, the brother of al-Safah who built Baghdad and ironically killed two immediate members of the prophet’s family. Third is al-Mahdi, Harun al-Rashid’s father. He stopped the prosecution of the prophet’s family and began to appoint them as governors and military guards. Fourth is Harun al-Rashid, under whose rule Baghdad reached its zenith.Lastly is al-Ma’mun. 4- What was the name of the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate? Who built it? Baghdad. It was built by al-Mansur. 5- Why did the Abbasid choose that city to be their capital?Al-Mansur chose Baghdad, nicknamed “The Round City”, to be the dynasty’s capital due to its strategic location. Baghdad was very close to Khurasan, which held a political, economical, and spiritual significance. Khurasan was very loyal to the Abbasid Caliphate and many of the governors and military personnel originated from here. In addition, Khurasanians were in fact involved in defeating the Umayyad Empire. Economically, Khurasan was very advantageous because it represented a trade route and was located between two rivers. In addition, Khurasan was very close to family shrines that were spiritually symbolic for the Abbasids.6- What was different about the policy of the Abbasid toward their subjects, which was different than the Umayyad?Under the Abbasid rule, the discrimination against non-Arabs stopped. Khurasanians were now allowed to be appointed in government courts and military. The Abbasids alsoembraced non-Arab Muslims and taxed them as Muslims. The Umayyad, in contrast, wasvery discriminate against non-Arab Muslims, treated them as inferior, and taxed them heavily. 7- The zenith of the Abbasid occurred during which caliph?Harun al-Rashid. 8- Name the contribution of Harun al-Rashid?a. Built the famous House of Wisdom (Dar al-Hikma)b. Supported poetry, literature, philosophy, and sciencesc. Made Baghdad the center of intellect, knowledge, and traded. Began the recording of Islamic Law. Islamic theology and commentaries on the Qur’an also began to take shape under his rulee. Introduced different literary works to be translated into various languagesf. Left surplus in the dynasty’s treasuriesg. Traded ambassadors with other nations9- During which caliph’s time we see the decline of the Abbasid?During al-Ma’mun’s rule. 10- Name two events occurred during the time of Al-Ma’mun