Physiology NotesBCMB 240Mark AlstonFall 2011Course IntroEssay Questions-- will tell you what they are, and can look over your “answers”Short Answers—will give strong hints (won’t be on the same thing as the essay question)Multiple Choice—harder, expect you to put concepts togetherLab—need close-toed shoes and lab coat or scrubsLecture NotesPhysiology—the study of how things work in the body, the study of functionAnatomy—the study of structureThere are several levels of Physiology (small to big)- Molecular- Cellular- Tissue (groups of cells working together)- Organ (tissues working together)- Organ Systems- Body SystemsHomeostasis—the tendency to maintain constant internal environment, within a range around asetpointSetpoint—idealized value for some measurement where you can estimate from (i.e. it will be somewhere close to…) but might change according to conditions ex. pH, body temperature Mechanisms for Maintaining Homeostasis- 2 Need change in internal environmento Negative Feedback (most important of the mechanisms)—in a physiological process, the presence of the product inhibits the reaction [ex. Glucose/plasma control]o Positive Feedback—in a physiological process, the presence of the product accelerates the process [ex. Blood clotting]- Feed Forward—anticipates a change in internal environment and meets that needo Usually are a learned responseo Gets us ready to respondo Ex. Salivation before eating- Reflex—automatic pre-programmed response to a stimuluso Types Nervous Endocrine Local Etc.o Can be acquiredComponents of a Reflex- Stimulus—require a stimulus to initiate o Internal o External- Receptor—receive/detect stimulus, goes to integrating center- Integrating center—processes information and sends instructions to the effector- Effector—acts on the information and instructions sent by the integrating centero Can fix things or stop them from getting worseReflex Pathways—Figure 1.8 - Afferent (approaches)o Receptor (detects stimulus)  integrating center (processes information)o Information is sent from the receptor to the processing center- Efferent (exits)o Integrating (processes information and send instructions)  effector (responds)Afferent EfferentIntegrating center --- Integrating Center I IReceptor Effector I IStimulus ResponseOther Terms- Adaptation—change in genes (of population) over a long period of timeo Sensory adaption—if you have constantly applied stimulus we may not continue to respond- Acclimatization—change in a single individual, relatively quicklyo (Example: how clothing changes quickly for fall/spring temperatures, or adapting to the lower oxygen at a higher altitude)o Body makes changes to deal with conditionso Results in improved functioning or different response to environmental conditionso Usually reversible- Developmental Acclimatizationo Critical Period—acclimatization will happen during this periodChemistry Terms- Covalent Bond—electrons are shared- Nonpolar covalent—electrons are share equally- Polar Covalent—electrons are shared un-equally (has slight charge at either end of the molecule)- Ionic bond—electrons are transferred (not shared- Hydrogen Bonding—when H is bonded to O or No Weakish but very important o Partial chargeo In polar covalent molecules - Chemical reactions—make and break bonds- Cation—a positive ion- Anion—a negative ion- Disassociation—when the pieces of an ionic bond are pulled apart - Dissolution—does not require disassociation, the particles of one substance are evenly distributed throughout another substance- Nonpolar-- does not dissolve in H2O- Hydrophobic/Lipophilic-- does not dissolve in H2O- Polar—will dissolve in H2O- Hydrophilic/Lipophobic—will dissolve in H2O- Amphipathic— has both a polar and a nonpolar part of the moleculeo Form spheres in H2Oo Also can form a bilayerMacromolecules- Carbohydrates o Simple sugar = monosaccharideo Disaccharides—2 simple sugars stuck togethero Polysaccharides—many sugars Ex: glycogen, starcho ROLE: ENERGY Glucose—the way we distribute energy all over the body (C6H12O6)- Will dissolve, not dissociate Glycogen—energy storage- Glucose polymer- branches Starch—in plants, we break it down to glucose/glycogeno Carb Formula: CnH2Oo Dehydration reaction Glucose + Fructose  Sucrose +H2O Water is always a product in a dehydration reaction- Lipids (Fats)o ROLES:  Energy Plasma Membraneo Basic Unit: Fatty acid Long hydrocarbon chain with acid/carboxyl at the end Has polar/nonpolar ends Amphipatico Saturated—only single bondso Unsaturated—some double bonds One—mono Many—polyo Always even number of carbonso Triglyceride= fat Glycerol +3 fatty acids Very efficient energy storerso Phospholipid Glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate group  Has polar and nonpolar ends = amphipatico Steroids—all have carbon ring structure Cholesterol base Often are hormones Also in cell membrane (important component)- Nucleic Acidso Carry informationo Nucleotide (basic unit) Formula= sugar + phosphate group + nitrogenous baseo DNA = cell nucleus specifics to make proteino RNA—transfers information from DNA to cell machinery to make protein- Proteino Basic unit—Amino Acid Has - Carboxyl group- Amino group- R-group side chain (variable depending on the particular amino acid 20 different kinds to make proteino Peptide bond—formed between amino group and carboxyl group in a dehydration reaction Dipeptide Tripeptide Oligopeptide Polypeptide Proteino Not all polypeptides are proteino Proteins Are polypeptides Lots of amino acids Have complex 3d structureo Protein structure Primary Structure—sequence of amino acids Secondary Structure—fold within the polypeptide (can have multiple kind/sections) - Alpha helix—spiral, due to H-bonds- Beta pleated sheet—accordion fold, H Bonds Tertiary structure—interactions between R groups- Hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, van der waals, covalent, etc.- 3d shape = function Quaternary Structure—interactions of multiple polypeptide chains - Not in all proteins o Protein denaturation When a protein changes its 3d shape (change in folding pattern) and thenchanges function Secondary and tertiary structure May be reversible