AST 2003 Fall 2014Final Exam Study Guide Fall ConstellationsAndromeda: *MirachGreat Square of Pegasus: * Scheat (shoulder), *Markab (nose), *Algenib (the side) +Stephen’s Quintet-NGC 7318A, 7320, 7318BAquarius(Water Bearer): *Sadalmeik (luckiest star in the kingdom), *Sadalsound (luckiest one of all), *Sadachbia (luckiest star of hidden things) +Helix nebula (god’s eye nebula) 50 LYS widePisces(Fish): * (cord/knot), circlet (Aphrodite and son disguised as fish)Aries (Mars, god of war): *HamalCetus (Whale): *Mira (youngest stars),*Deneb K (whale’s tail), *Baten K. (monster’s belly) Eridanus (River): *Aczcar-barred spiral starSpring ConstellationsLeo (Nemean Lion): *Regulus +Leo Triplet-65 LYS away, M66, M65, NGC 3628Virgo (only maiden): *Spica (ear of wheat) +Virgo cluster (See Thurs 10/9 Lecture)Bootes ( ): *Arcturus Ophiucus (Britney Spears of the night sky): *Sabik +Barnard’s Star-fastest moving star (150/second)Hercules: 12 Labours, “keystone” shape *Sarin Corona Borealis (Crown of Ariadne): *Alphecca Libra (Scales)- most modern constellation, stolen from Scorpio * (southern claw)Canus Venatici: *Cor Caroli +M51-Whirlpool galaxyCorvus (crow): *Minkar (Raven’s beak), *Gienah Ghurab (Raven’s wing)Crater (cup): *AlkesComa Berenices: newest constellationSummer ConstellationsSummer Triangle: *Vega, *Deneb, *Altair Lyra (lyre): *VegaCygnus (Swan): *DenebAquila: *AltairSagittarius (centaur + archer): *AscellaScorpio (Scorpion): * Capricorn (goat-fish): *Deneb Algedi (tail of the goat) oldest constellationScutum (Shield): Winter ConstellationsOrion (hunter): *Rigel +M42- Orion NebulaGemini (twins): *Pollux +Eskimo NebulaCancer (crab): faintest constellation *Acubens +Praesepe M44 “beehive cluster”Canis major (large dog): *SiriusCanis minor (small dog): *ProcyonCapella (she-goat): *CapellaTaurus (bull): *Aldebaran (eye of the bull) +Crab NebulaFornax (fox)Monoceros (unicorn)Other informationWilliam Parsons-built the largest telescope in 1845Libration-tilt (bobble-head effect) of the moon’s movementTerminator Line- shadows of the moon best viewed at this lineSynodic month- 29.53 days between consecutive full moonsSidereal month- 27.32 days for Earth’s rotationBlue Moon- 2nd full moon in the monthSection 1-Polaris (pole star, North star,)-all stars seem to rotate around the pole star-1 AU = distance from Earth to Sun ()-Our galaxy = 17 million light years across -88 constellations noticed todayMagnitude Scale-Hipparchus-classified stars according to brightness -higher the number, the fainter the star-human eye can see down to 6th magnitude-the brightest stars have proper names: Rigel BetelgeuseMotion of the Night Sky-depends on location-sun appears higher in the sky during summer (longer days)-sun appears lower in the sky during winter (shorter days)-Culminate: when stars are at their highest point due south-Observer’s meridian-Declination- [dec> (90-lat) are circumpolar][dec< (90-lat) are not seen]Motion of the Earth-anticlockwise-rotates every 23 hr 56 min-orbits every 365.25 days-the tilt of the Earth’s axis is what causes the seasons-Axis of rotation- 23.5 degrees-Summer- sun is above celestial equator-Winter- sun below celestial equatorConstellations Orion (Winter)-hunter -pursued 7 sisters (Pleiades)-killed by scorpion Tarus (Winter)-Crab Nebula (6300 Lys)Canis Major (Winter)-the great dogGemini (Winter)-twinsSummer Triangle -Cygnus, Lyra, Aquila, -brightest stars: Altair, Deneb, and VegaTerms 1 AU = distance from Earth to Sun (93 million miles).1 LY = 63,241 AU/9.45 x 1015 meters/5.9 trillion milesParallax- taking tiny measurements overtime SETI- Search for Extraterrestrial IntelligenceNGC-New General CatalogueCelestial poles-directly above Earth’s polesCelestial equator-directly above Earth’s equatorDeclination- degreesRight ascension- hr, minCircumpolar circle- circle around the pole star where circumpolar stars reside Aphelion-farthest to the sunPerihelion- closest to the sunFirst point of Aries-point where sun crosses celestial equator heading North (sometimes Vernal equinox)Circumpolar constellations-Cepheus -Perseus-Uras Major-Ursa Minor-Camelopardalis-Cassiopeia-DracoM101- Pinwheel GalaxyM42- The Orion NebulaIC434 + B33- Horsehead Nebula M9- Owl NebulaM31- farthest to see with the naked eye47- Ursae Majoris 47th brightest, similar to the sun, 46 Lys awayM81 + M82- “Arch” discovered by Charles MessierAlgol- eclipsing binary starAndromeda galaxy- 2.2 million LysHelix Nebula- “god’s eye”Planetary Nebula- ring around the star after explosionFamous double star- Mizar, Alcor-Uranus and Venus are the only two planets that spin differently~ Section 3 Terms~asteroids- minor planets (usually between Mars and Jupiter)comets- remnants of early solar system with highly eccentric orbits-develop a tail when close to the sunmeteors- (shooting stars) mostly tiny particles burning up in the atmosphere(Orionids: Oct.21st, Eta Aquarids: May 6th) zodiacal light- light extending from the horizon to the ecliptic (faint cone of light)Gegenschein- type of faint light that shines opposite of the position of the sunsolar eclipse- (season lasts 32 days)lunar eclipse- more common, totality lasts over an hour(season lasts 22 days)Saros cycle- eclipse cycle with a period of 223 synodic monthsannular eclipse- eclipse of the sun where a ring can be observedpartial eclipse- eclipse of the sun or moon where only partially is shadowednode- point where the path of the moon crosses the ecliptic synodic month- time between successive phasessynodic period- time it takes to show the same phase with relation to the Earth draconic month- time between two similar nodesanomalistic month- time for the moon to move to the same position in its eclipse sidereal month- true orbital rate of the moonsidereal period- time it takes a planet to orbit the sunprograde- moving west to eastretrograde- moving east to westelongation-angle between sun and planet greatest elongation- greatest angular distance that can be